"Going on?" Pierre exclaimed. "Why more than ever! The Bible Society is
the whole government now!"
"What is that, mon cher ami?" asked the countess, who had finished her
tea and evidently needed a pretext for being angry after her meal. "What
are you saying about the government? I don’t understand."
"Well, you know, Maman," Nicholas interposed, knowing how to translate
things into his mother’s language, "Prince Alexander Golitsyn has
founded a society and in consequence has great influence, they say."
"Arakcheev and Golitsyn," incautiously remarked Pierre, "are now the
whole government! And what a government! They see treason everywhere and
are afraid of everything."
"Well, and how is Prince Alexander to blame? He is a most estimable
man. I used to meet him at Mary Antonovna’s," said the countess in an
offended tone; and still more offended that they all remained silent,
she went on: "Nowadays everyone finds fault. A Gospel Society! Well, and
what harm is there in that?" and she rose (everybody else got up too)
and with a severe expression sailed back to her table in the sitting
room.
The melancholy silence that followed was broken by the sounds of the
children’s voices and laughter from the next room. Evidently some jolly
excitement was going on there.
"Finished, finished!" little Natasha’s gleeful yell rose above them all.
Pierre exchanged glances with Countess Mary and Nicholas (Natasha he
never lost sight of) and smiled happily.
"That’s delightful music!" said he.
"It means that Anna Makarovna has finished her stocking," said Countess
Mary.
"Oh, I’ll go and see," said Pierre, jumping up. "You know," he added,
stopping at the door, "why I’m especially fond of that music? It is
always the first thing that tells me all is well. When I was driving
here today, the nearer I got to the house the more anxious I grew. As I
entered the anteroom I heard Andrusha’s peals of laughter and that meant
that all was well."
"I know! I know that feeling," said Nicholas. "But I mustn’t go
there - those stockings are to be a surprise for me."
Pierre went to the children, and the shouting and laughter grew still
louder.
"Come, Anna Makarovna," Pierre’s voice was heard saying, "come here into
the middle of the room and at the word of command, ‘One, two,’ and
when I say ‘three’... You stand here, and you in my arms - well now! One,
two!..." said Pierre, and a silence followed: "three!" and a rapturously
breathless cry of children’s voices filled the room. "Two, two!" they
shouted.
This meant two stockings, which by a secret process known only to
herself Anna Makarovna used to knit at the same time on the same
needles, and which, when they were ready, she always triumphantly drew,
one out of the other, in the children’s presence.
CHAPTER XIV
Soon after this the children came in to say good night. They kissed
everyone, the tutors and governesses made their bows, and they went out.
Only young Nicholas and his tutor remained. Dessalles whispered to the
boy to come downstairs.
"No, Monsieur Dessalles, I will ask my aunt to let me stay," replied
Nicholas Bolkonski also in a whisper.
"Ma tante, please let me stay," said he, going up to his aunt.
His face expressed entreaty, agitation, and ecstasy. Countess Mary
glanced at him and turned to Pierre.
"When you are here he can’t tear himself away," she said.
"I will bring him to you directly, Monsieur Dessalles. Good night!"
said Pierre, giving his hand to the Swiss tutor, and he turned to young
Nicholas with a smile. "You and I haven’t seen anything of one another
yet.... How like he is growing, Mary!" he added, addressing Countess
Mary.
"Like my father?" asked the boy, flushing crimson and looking up at
Pierre with bright, ecstatic eyes.
Pierre nodded, and went on with what he had been saying when the
children had interrupted. Countess Mary sat down doing woolwork; Natasha
did not take her eyes off her husband. Nicholas and Denisov rose, asked
for their pipes, smoked, went to fetch more tea from Sonya - who sat weary
but resolute at the samovar - and questioned Pierre. The curly-headed,
delicate boy sat with shining eyes unnoticed in a corner, starting
every now and then and muttering something to himself, and evidently
experiencing a new and powerful emotion as he turned his curly head,
with his thin neck exposed by his turn-down collar, toward the place
where Pierre sat.
The conversation turned on the contemporary gossip about those in power,
in which most people see the chief interest of home politics. Denisov,
dissatisfied with the government on account of his own disappointments
in the service, heard with pleasure of the things done in Petersburg
which seemed to him stupid, and made forcible and sharp comments on what
Pierre told them.
"One used to have to be a German - now one must dance with Tatawinova
and Madame Kwudener, and wead Ecka’tshausen and the bwethwen. Oh, they
should let that fine fellow Bonaparte loose - he’d knock all this nonsense
out of them! Fancy giving the command of the Semenov wegiment to a
fellow like that Schwa’tz!" he cried.
Nicholas, though free from Denisov’s readiness to find fault with
everything, also thought that discussion of the government was a very
serious and weighty matter, and the fact that A had been appointed
Minister of This and B Governor General of That, and that the Emperor
had said so-and-so and this minister so-and-so, seemed to him very
important. And so he thought it necessary to take an interest in these
things and to question Pierre. The questions put by these two kept the
conversation from changing its ordinary character of gossip about the
higher government circles.
But Natasha, knowing all her husband’s ways and ideas, saw that he had
long been wishing but had been unable to divert the conversation to
another channel and express his own deeply felt idea for the sake of
which he had gone to Petersburg to consult with his new friend Prince
Theodore, and she helped him by asking how his affairs with Prince
Theodore had gone.
"What was it about?" asked Nicholas.
"Always the same thing," said Pierre, looking round at his listeners.
"Everybody sees that things are going so badly that they cannot be
allowed to go on so and that it is the duty of all decent men to
counteract it as far as they can."
"What can decent men do?" Nicholas inquired, frowning slightly. "What
can be done?"
"Why, this..."
"Come into my study," said Nicholas.
Natasha, who had long expected to be fetched to nurse her baby, now
heard the nurse calling her and went to the nursery. Countess Mary
followed her. The men went into the study and little Nicholas Bolkonski
followed them unnoticed by his uncle and sat down at the writing table
in a shady corner by the window.
"Well, what would you do?" asked Denisov.
"Always some fantastic schemes," said Nicholas.
"Why this," began Pierre, not sitting down but pacing the room,
sometimes stopping short, gesticulating, and lisping: "the position
in Petersburg is this: the Emperor does not look into anything. He
has abandoned himself altogether to this mysticism" (Pierre could not
tolerate mysticism in anyone now). "He seeks only for peace, and only
these people sans foi ni loi * can give it him - people who recklessly
hack at and strangle everything - Magnitski, Arakcheev, and tutti
quanti.... You will agree that if you did not look after your estates
yourself but only wanted a quiet life, the harsher your steward was the
more readily your object might be attained," he said to Nicholas.
* Without faith or law.
"Well, what does that lead up to?" said Nicholas.
"Well, everything is going to ruin! Robbery in the law courts, in the
army nothing but flogging, drilling, and Military Settlements; the
people are tortured, enlightenment is suppressed. All that is young and
honest is crushed! Everyone sees that this cannot go on. Everything is
strained to such a degree that it will certainly break," said Pierre (as
those who examine the actions of any government have always said since
governments began). "I told them just one thing in Petersburg."
"Told whom?"
"Well, you know whom," said Pierre, with a meaning glance from under
his brows. "Prince Theodore and all those. To encourage culture and
philanthropy is all very well of course. The aim is excellent but in the
present circumstances something else is needed."
At that moment Nicholas noticed the presence of his nephew. His face
darkened and he went up to the boy.
"Why are you here?"
"Why? Let him be," said Pierre, taking Nicholas by the arm and
continuing. "That is not enough, I told them. Something else is needed.
When you stand expecting the overstrained string to snap at any moment,
when everyone is expecting the inevitable catastrophe, as many as
possible must join hands as closely as they can to withstand the general
calamity. Everything that is young and strong is being enticed away and
depraved. One is lured by women, another by honors, a third by ambition
or money, and they go over to that camp. No independent men, such as you
or I, are left. What I say is widen the scope of our society, let the
mot d’ordre be not virtue alone but independence and action as well!"
Nicholas, who had left his nephew, irritably pushed up an armchair, sat
down in it, and listened to Pierre, coughing discontentedly and frowning
more and more.
"But action with what aim?" he cried. "And what position will you adopt
toward the government?"
"Why, the position of assistants. The society need not be secret if the
government allows it. Not merely is it not hostile to government, but
it is a society of true conservatives - a society of gentlemen in the full
meaning of that word. It is only to prevent some Pugachev or other from
killing my children and yours, and Arakcheev from sending me off to some
Military Settlement. We join hands only for the public welfare and the
general safety."
"Yes, but it’s a secret society and therefore a hostile and harmful one
which can only cause harm."
"Why? Did the Tugendbund which saved Europe" (they did not then venture
to suggest that Russia had saved Europe) "do any harm? The Tugendbund
is an alliance of virtue: it is love, mutual help... it is what Christ
preached on the Cross."
Natasha, who had come in during the conversation, looked joyfully at
her husband. It was not what he was saying that pleased her - that did not
even interest her, for it seemed to her that was all extremely simple
and that she had known it a long time (it seemed so to her because she
knew that it sprang from Pierre’s whole soul), but it was his animated
and enthusiastic appearance that made her glad.
The boy with the thin neck stretching out from the turn-down collar - whom
everyone had forgotten - gazed at Pierre with even greater and more
rapturous joy. Every word of Pierre’s burned into his heart, and with a
nervous movement of his fingers he unconsciously broke the sealing wax
and quill pens his hands came upon on his uncle’s table.
"It is not at all what you suppose; but that is what the German
Tugendbund was, and what I am proposing."
"No, my fwiend! The Tugendbund is all vewy well for the sausage eaters,
but I don’t understand it and can’t even pwonounce it," interposed
Denisov in a loud and resolute voice. "I agwee that evewything here is
wotten and howwible, but the Tugendbund I don’t understand. If we’re
not satisfied, let us have a bunt of our own. That’s all wight. Je suis
vot’e homme!" *
* "I’m your man."
Pierre smiled, Natasha began to laugh, but Nicholas knitted his brows
still more and began proving to Pierre that there was no prospect of
any great change and that all the danger he spoke of existed only in his
imagination. Pierre maintained the contrary, and as his mental faculties
were greater and more resourceful, Nicholas felt himself cornered. This
made him still angrier, for he was fully convinced, not by reasoning
but by something within him stronger than reason, of the justice of his
opinion.
"I will tell you this," he said, rising and trying with nervously
twitching fingers to prop up his pipe in a corner, but finally
abandoning the attempt. "I can’t prove it to you. You say that
everything here is rotten and that an overthrow is coming: I don’t
see it. But you also say that our oath of allegiance is a conditional
matter, and to that I reply: ‘You are my best friend, as you know,
but if you formed a secret society and began working against the
government - be it what it may - I know it is my duty to obey the
government. And if Arakcheev ordered me to lead a squadron against you
and cut you down, I should not hesitate an instant, but should do it.’
And you may argue about that as you like!"
An awkward silence followed these words. Natasha was the first to speak,
defending her husband and attacking her brother. Her defense was weak
and inapt but she attained her object. The conversation was resumed, and
no longer in the unpleasantly hostile tone of Nicholas’ last remark.
When they all got up to go in to supper, little Nicholas Bolkonski went
up to Pierre, pale and with shining, radiant eyes.
"Uncle Pierre, you... no... If Papa were alive... would he agree with
you?" he asked.
And Pierre suddenly realized what a special, independent, complex, and
powerful process of thought and feeling must have been going on in
this boy during that conversation, and remembering all he had said he
regretted that the lad should have heard him. He had, however, to give
him an answer.
"Yes, I think so," he said reluctantly, and left the study.
The lad looked down and seemed now for the first time to notice what he
had done to the things on the table. He flushed and went up to Nicholas.
"Uncle, forgive me, I did that... unintentionally," he said, pointing to
the broken sealing wax and pens.
Nicholas started angrily.
"All right, all right," he said, throwing the bits under the table.
And evidently suppressing his vexation with difficulty, he turned away
from the boy.
"You ought not to have been here at all," he said.
CHAPTER XV
The conversation at supper was not about politics or societies, but
turned on the subject Nicholas liked best - recollections of 1812. Denisov
started these and Pierre was particularly agreeable and amusing about
them. The family separated on the most friendly terms.
After supper Nicholas, having undressed in his study and given
instructions to the steward who had been waiting for him, went to the
bedroom in his dressing gown, where he found his wife still at her
table, writing.
"What are you writing, Mary?" Nicholas asked.
Countess Mary blushed. She was afraid that what she was writing would
not be understood or approved by her husband.
She had wanted to conceal what she was writing from him, but at the same
time was glad he had surprised her at it and that she would now have to
tell him.
"A diary, Nicholas," she replied, handing him a blue exercise book
filled with her firm, bold writing.
"A diary?" Nicholas repeated with a shade of irony, and he took up the
book.
It was in French.
December 4. Today when Andrusha (her eldest boy) woke up he did not
wish to dress and Mademoiselle Louise sent for me. He was naughty and
obstinate. I tried threats, but he only grew angrier. Then I took the
matter in hand: I left him alone and began with nurse’s help to get the
other children up, telling him that I did not love him. For a long time
he was silent, as if astonished, then he jumped out of bed, ran to me in
his shirt, and sobbed so that I could not calm him for a long time.
It was plain that what troubled him most was that he had grieved me.
Afterwards in the evening when I gave him his ticket, he again began
crying piteously and kissing me. One can do anything with him by
tenderness.
"What is a ‘ticket’?" Nicholas inquired.
"I have begun giving the elder ones marks every evening, showing how
they have behaved."
Nicholas looked into the radiant eyes that were gazing at him, and
continued to turn over the pages and read. In the diary was set down
everything in the children’s lives that seemed noteworthy to their
mother as showing their characters or suggesting general reflections
on educational methods. They were for the most part quite insignificant
trifles, but did not seem so to the mother or to the father either, now
that he read this diary about his children for the first time.
Under the date "5" was entered:
Mitya was naughty at table. Papa said he was to have no pudding. He had
none, but looked so unhappily and greedily at the others while they were
eating! I think that punishment by depriving children of sweets only
develops their greediness. Must tell Nicholas this.
Nicholas put down the book and looked at his wife. The radiant eyes
gazed at him questioningly: would he approve or disapprove of her
diary? There could be no doubt not only of his approval but also of his
admiration for his wife.
Perhaps it need not be done so pedantically, thought Nicholas, or even
done at all, but this untiring, continual spiritual effort of which the
sole aim was the children’s moral welfare delighted him. Had Nicholas
been able to analyze his feelings he would have found that his steady,
tender, and proud love of his wife rested on his feeling of wonder at
her spirituality and at the lofty moral world, almost beyond his reach,
in which she had her being.
He was proud of her intelligence and goodness, recognized his own
insignificance beside her in the spiritual world, and rejoiced all the
more that she with such a soul not only belonged to him but was part of
himself.
"I quite, quite approve, my dearest!" said he with a significant look,
and after a short pause he added: "And I behaved badly today. You
weren’t in the study. We began disputing - Pierre and I - and I lost my
temper. But he is impossible: such a child! I don’t know what would
become of him if Natasha didn’t keep him in hand.... Have you any idea
why he went to Petersburg? They have formed..."
"Yes, I know," said Countess Mary. "Natasha told me."
"Well, then, you know," Nicholas went on, growing hot at the mere
recollection of their discussion, "he wanted to convince me that it is
every honest man’s duty to go against the government, and that the oath
of allegiance and duty... I am sorry you weren’t there. They all fell on
me - Denisov and Natasha... Natasha is absurd. How she rules over him! And
yet there need only be a discussion and she has no words of her own
but only repeats his sayings..." added Nicholas, yielding to that
irresistible inclination which tempts us to judge those nearest and
dearest to us. He forgot that what he was saying about Natasha could
have been applied word for word to himself in relation to his wife.
"Yes, I have noticed that," said Countess Mary.
"When I told him that duty and the oath were above everything, he
started proving goodness knows what! A pity you were not there - what
would you have said?"
"As I see it you were quite right, and I told Natasha so. Pierre says
everybody is suffering, tortured, and being corrupted, and that it
is our duty to help our neighbor. Of course he is right there," said
Countess Mary, "but he forgets that we have other duties nearer to us,
duties indicated to us by God Himself, and that though we might expose
ourselves to risks we must not risk our children."
"Yes, that’s it! That’s just what I said to him," put in Nicholas, who
fancied he really had said it. "But they insisted on their own view:
love of one’s neighbor and Christianity - and all this in the presence of
young Nicholas, who had gone into my study and broke all my things."
"Ah, Nicholas, do you know I am often troubled about little Nicholas,"
said Countess Mary. "He is such an exceptional boy. I am afraid I
neglect him in favor of my own: we all have children and relations while
he has no one. He is constantly alone with his thoughts."
"Well, I don’t think you need reproach yourself on his account. All that
the fondest mother could do for her son you have done and are doing for
him, and of course I am glad of it. He is a fine lad, a fine lad! This
evening he listened to Pierre in a sort of trance, and fancy - as we were
going in to supper I looked and he had broken everything on my table to
bits, and he told me of it himself at once! I never knew him to tell an
untruth. A fine lad, a fine lad!" repeated Nicholas, who at heart was
not fond of Nicholas Bolkonski but was always anxious to recognize that
he was a fine lad.
"Still, I am not the same as his own mother," said Countess Mary. "I
feel I am not the same and it troubles me. A wonderful boy, but I am
dreadfully afraid for him. It would be good for him to have companions."
"Well it won’t be for long. Next summer I’ll take him to Petersburg,"
said Nicholas. "Yes, Pierre always was a dreamer and always will be,"
he continued, returning to the talk in the study which had evidently
disturbed him. "Well, what business is it of mine what goes on
there - whether Arakcheev is bad, and all that? What business was it of
mine when I married and was so deep in debt that I was threatened with
prison, and had a mother who could not see or understand it? And
then there are you and the children and our affairs. Is it for my own
pleasure that I am at the farm or in the office from morning to night?
No, but I know I must work to comfort my mother, to repay you, and not
to leave the children such beggars as I was."
Countess Mary wanted to tell him that man does not live by bread alone
and that he attached too much importance to these matters. But she knew
she must not say this and that it would be useless to do so. She only
took his hand and kissed it. He took this as a sign of approval and
a confirmation of his thoughts, and after a few minutes’ reflection
continued to think aloud.
"You know, Mary, today Elias Mitrofanych" (this was his overseer) "came
back from the Tambov estate and told me they are already offering eighty
thousand rubles for the forest."
And with an eager face Nicholas began to speak of the possibility of
repurchasing Otradnoe before long, and added: "Another ten years of life
and I shall leave the children... in an excellent position."
Countess Mary listened to her husband and understood all that he told
her. She knew that when he thought aloud in this way he would sometimes
ask her what he had been saying, and be vexed if he noticed that she
had been thinking about something else. But she had to force herself to
attend, for what he was saying did not interest her at all. She looked
at him and did not think, but felt, about something different. She felt
a submissive tender love for this man who would never understand all
that she understood, and this seemed to make her love for him still
stronger and added a touch of passionate tenderness. Besides this
feeling which absorbed her altogether and hindered her from following
the details of her husband’s plans, thoughts that had no connection with
what he was saying flitted through her mind. She thought of her nephew.
Her husband’s account of the boy’s agitation while Pierre was speaking
struck her forcibly, and various traits of his gentle, sensitive
character recurred to her mind; and while thinking of her nephew she
thought also of her own children. She did not compare them with him, but
compared her feeling for them with her feeling for him, and felt
with regret that there was something lacking in her feeling for young
Nicholas.
Sometimes it seemed to her that this difference arose from the
difference in their ages, but she felt herself to blame toward him and
promised in her heart to do better and to accomplish the impossible - in
this life to love her husband, her children, little Nicholas, and all
her neighbors, as Christ loved mankind. Countess Mary’s soul always
strove toward the infinite, the eternal, and the absolute, and could
therefore never be at peace. A stern expression of the lofty, secret
suffering of a soul burdened by the body appeared on her face. Nicholas
gazed at her. "O God! What will become of us if she dies, as I always
fear when her face is like that?" thought he, and placing himself before
the icon he began to say his evening prayers.
CHAPTER XVI
Natasha and Pierre, left alone, also began to talk as only a husband
and wife can talk, that is, with extraordinary clearness and rapidity,
understanding and expressing each other’s thoughts in ways contrary to
all rules of logic, without premises, deductions, or conclusions, and in
a quite peculiar way. Natasha was so used to this kind of talk with her
husband that for her it was the surest sign of something being wrong
between them if Pierre followed a line of logical reasoning. When he
began proving anything, or talking argumentatively and calmly and she,
led on by his example, began to do the same, she knew that they were on
the verge of a quarrel.
From the moment they were alone and Natasha came up to him with
wide-open happy eyes, and quickly seizing his head pressed it to her
bosom, saying: "Now you are all mine, mine! You won’t escape!" - from that
moment this conversation began, contrary to all the laws of logic and
contrary to them because quite different subjects were talked about at
one and the same time. This simultaneous discussion of many topics did
not prevent a clear understanding but on the contrary was the surest
sign that they fully understood one another.
Just as in a dream when all is uncertain, unreasoning, and
contradictory, except the feeling that guides the dream, so in this
intercourse contrary to all laws of reason, the words themselves were
not consecutive and clear but only the feeling that prompted them.
Natasha spoke to Pierre about her brother’s life and doings, of how she
had suffered and lacked life during his own absence, and of how she
was fonder than ever of Mary, and how Mary was in every way better than
herself. In saying this Natasha was sincere in acknowledging Mary’s
superiority, but at the same time by saying it she made a demand on
Pierre that he should, all the same, prefer her to Mary and to all
other women, and that now, especially after having seen many women in
Petersburg, he should tell her so afresh.
Pierre, answering Natasha’s words, told her how intolerable it had been
for him to meet ladies at dinners and balls in Petersburg.
"I have quite lost the knack of talking to ladies," he said. "It was
simply dull. Besides, I was very busy."
Natasha looked intently at him and went on:
"Mary is so splendid," she said. "How she understands children! It is as
if she saw straight into their souls. Yesterday, for instance, Mitya was
naughty..."
"How like his father he is," Pierre interjected.
Natasha knew why he mentioned Mitya’s likeness to Nicholas: the
recollection of his dispute with his brother-in-law was unpleasant and
he wanted to know what Natasha thought of it.
"Nicholas has the weakness of never agreeing with anything not generally
accepted. But I understand that you value what opens up a fresh line,"
said she, repeating words Pierre had once uttered.
"No, the chief point is that to Nicholas ideas and discussions are
an amusement - almost a pastime," said Pierre. "For instance, he is
collecting a library and has made it a rule not to buy a new book
till he has read what he had already bought - Sismondi and Rousseau and
Montesquieu," he added with a smile. "You know how much I..." he began
to soften down what he had said; but Natasha interrupted him to show
that this was unnecessary.
"So you say ideas are an amusement to him...."
"Yes, and for me nothing else is serious. All the time in Petersburg I
saw everyone as in a dream. When I am taken up by a thought, all else is
mere amusement."
"Ah, I’m so sorry I wasn’t there when you met the children," said
Natasha. "Which was most delighted? Lisa, I’m sure."
"Yes," Pierre replied, and went on with what was in his mind. "Nicholas
says we ought not to think. But I can’t help it. Besides, when I was in
Petersburg I felt (I can say this to you) that the whole affair would go
to pieces without me - everyone was pulling his own way. But I succeeded
in uniting them all; and then my idea is so clear and simple. You see,
I don’t say that we ought to oppose this and that. We may be mistaken.
What I say is: ‘Join hands, you who love the right, and let there be but
one banner - that of active virtue.’ Prince Sergey is a fine fellow and
clever."
Natasha would have had no doubt as to the greatness of Pierre’s idea,
but one thing disconcerted her. "Can a man so important and necessary to
society be also my husband? How did this happen?" She wished to express
this doubt to him. "Now who could decide whether he is really cleverer
than all the others?" she asked herself, and passed in review all those
whom Pierre most respected. Judging by what he had said there was no one
he had respected so highly as Platon Karataev.
"Do you know what I am thinking about?" she asked. "About Platon
Karataev. Would he have approved of you now, do you think?"
Pierre was not at all surprised at this question. He understood his
wife’s line of thought.
"Platon Karataev?" he repeated, and pondered, evidently sincerely
trying to imagine Karataev’s opinion on the subject. "He would not have
understood... yet perhaps he would."
"I love you awfully!" Natasha suddenly said. "Awfully, awfully!"
"No, he would not have approved," said Pierre, after reflection. "What
he would have approved of is our family life. He was always so anxious
to find seemliness, happiness, and peace in everything, and I should
have been proud to let him see us. There now - you talk of my absence,
but you wouldn’t believe what a special feeling I have for you after a
separation...."
"Yes, I should think..." Natasha began.
"No, it’s not that. I never leave off loving you. And one couldn’t love
more, but this is something special.... Yes, of course - " he did not
finish because their eyes meeting said the rest.
"What nonsense it is," Natasha suddenly exclaimed, "about honeymoons,
and that the greatest happiness is at first! On the contrary, now is
the best of all. If only you did not go away! Do you remember how
we quarreled? And it was always my fault. Always mine. And what we
quarreled about - I don’t even remember!"
"Always about the same thing," said Pierre with a smile. "Jealo..."
"Don’t say it! I can’t bear it!" Natasha cried, and her eyes glittered
coldly and vindictively. "Did you see her?" she added, after a pause.
"No, and if I had I shouldn’t have recognized her."
They were silent for a while.
"Oh, do you know? While you were talking in the study I was looking at
you," Natasha began, evidently anxious to disperse the cloud that had
come over them. "You are as like him as two peas - like the boy." (She
meant her little son.) "Oh, it’s time to go to him.... The milk’s
come.... But I’m sorry to leave you."
They were silent for a few seconds. Then suddenly turning to one
another at the same time they both began to speak. Pierre began with
self-satisfaction and enthusiasm, Natasha with a quiet, happy smile.
Having interrupted one another they both stopped to let the other
continue.
"No. What did you say? Go on, go on."
"No, you go on, I was talking nonsense," said Natasha.
Pierre finished what he had begun. It was the sequel to his complacent
reflections on his success in Petersburg. At that moment it seemed to
him that he was chosen to give a new direction to the whole of Russian
society and to the whole world.
"I only wished to say that ideas that have great results are always
simple ones. My whole idea is that if vicious people are united and
constitute a power, then honest folk must do the same. Now that’s simple
enough."
"Yes."
"And what were you going to say?"
"I? Only nonsense."
"But all the same?"
"Oh nothing, only a trifle," said Natasha, smiling still more brightly.
"I only wanted to tell you about Petya: today nurse was coming to take
him from me, and he laughed, shut his eyes, and clung to me. I’m sure
he thought he was hiding. Awfully sweet! There, now he’s crying. Well,
good-by!" and she left the room.
Meanwhile downstairs in young Nicholas Bolkonski’s bedroom a little lamp
was burning as usual. (The boy was afraid of the dark and they could
not cure him of it.) Dessalles slept propped up on four pillows and his
Roman nose emitted sounds of rhythmic snoring. Little Nicholas, who had
just waked up in a cold perspiration, sat up in bed and gazed before him
with wide-open eyes. He had awaked from a terrible dream. He had dreamed
that he and Uncle Pierre, wearing helmets such as were depicted in
his Plutarch, were leading a huge army. The army was made up of white
slanting lines that filled the air like the cobwebs that float about in
autumn and which Dessalles called les fils de la Vierge. In front was
Glory, which was similar to those threads but rather thicker. He and
Pierre were borne along lightly and joyously, nearer and nearer to their
goal. Suddenly the threads that moved them began to slacken and become
entangled and it grew difficult to move. And Uncle Nicholas stood before
them in a stern and threatening attitude.
"Have you done this?" he said, pointing to some broken sealing wax and
pens. "I loved you, but I have orders from Arakcheev and will kill
the first of you who moves forward." Little Nicholas turned to look
at Pierre but Pierre was no longer there. In his place was his
father - Prince Andrew - and his father had neither shape nor form, but he
existed, and when little Nicholas perceived him he grew faint with love:
he felt himself powerless, limp, and formless. His father caressed and
pitied him. But Uncle Nicholas came nearer and nearer to them. Terror
seized young Nicholas and he awoke.
"My father!" he thought. (Though there were two good portraits of Prince
Andrew in the house, Nicholas never imagined him in human form.) "My
father has been with me and caressed me. He approved of me and of Uncle
Pierre. Whatever he may tell me, I will do it. Mucius Scaevola burned
his hand. Why should not the same sort of thing happen to me? I know
they want me to learn. And I will learn. But someday I shall have
finished learning, and then I will do something. I only pray God that
something may happen to me such as happened to Plutarch’s men, and I
will act as they did. I will do better. Everyone shall know me, love me,
and be delighted with me!" And suddenly his bosom heaved with sobs and
he began to cry.
"Are you ill?" he heard Dessalles’ voice asking.
"No," answered Nicholas, and lay back on his pillow.
"He is good and kind and I am fond of him!" he thought of Dessalles.
"But Uncle Pierre! Oh, what a wonderful man he is! And my father? Oh,
Father, Father! Yes, I will do something with which even he would be
satisfied...."
SECOND EPILOGUE
CHAPTER I
History is the life of nations and of humanity. To seize and put into
words, to describe directly the life of humanity or even of a single
nation, appears impossible.
The ancient historians all employed one and the same method to describe
and seize the apparently elusive - the life of a people. They described
the activity of individuals who ruled the people, and regarded the
activity of those men as representing the activity of the whole nation.
The question: how did individuals make nations act as they wished and by
what was the will of these individuals themselves guided? the ancients
met by recognizing a divinity which subjected the nations to the will of
a chosen man, and guided the will of that chosen man so as to accomplish
ends that were predestined.
For the ancients these questions were solved by a belief in the direct
participation of the Deity in human affairs.
Modern history, in theory, rejects both these principles.
It would seem that having rejected the belief of the ancients in man’s
subjection to the Deity and in a predetermined aim toward which nations
are led, modern history should study not the manifestations of power but
the causes that produce it. But modern history has not done this. Having
in theory rejected the view held by the ancients, it still follows them
in practice.
Instead of men endowed with divine authority and directly guided by
the will of God, modern history has given us either heroes endowed with
extraordinary, superhuman capacities, or simply men of very various
kinds, from monarchs to journalists, who lead the masses. Instead of the
former divinely appointed aims of the Jewish, Greek, or Roman nations,
which ancient historians regarded as representing the progress of
humanity, modern history has postulated its own aims - the welfare of the
French, German, or English people, or, in its highest abstraction, the
welfare and civilization of humanity in general, by which is usually
meant that of the peoples occupying a small northwesterly portion of a
large continent.
Modern history has rejected the beliefs of the ancients without
replacing them by a new conception, and the logic of the situation has
obliged the historians, after they had apparently rejected the divine
authority of the kings and the "fate" of the ancients, to reach the same
conclusion by another road, that is, to recognize (1) nations guided
by individual men, and (2) the existence of a known aim to which these
nations and humanity at large are tending.
At the basis of the works of all the modern historians from Gibbon to
Buckle, despite their seeming disagreements and the apparent novelty of
their outlooks, lie those two old, unavoidable assumptions.
In the first place the historian describes the activity of individuals
who in his opinion have directed humanity (one historian considers
only monarchs, generals, and ministers as being such men, while another
includes also orators, learned men, reformers, philosophers, and poets).
Secondly, it is assumed that the goal toward which humanity is being led
is known to the historians: to one of them this goal is the greatness of
the Roman, Spanish, or French realm; to another it is liberty, equality,
and a certain kind of civilization of a small corner of the world called
Europe.
In 1789 a ferment arises in Paris; it grows, spreads, and is expressed
by a movement of peoples from west to east. Several times it moves
eastward and collides with a countermovement from the east westward.
In 1812 it reaches its extreme limit, Moscow, and then, with remarkable
symmetry, a countermovement occurs from east to west, attracting to
it, as the first movement had done, the nations of middle Europe. The
counter movement reaches the starting point of the first movement in the
west - Paris - and subsides.
During that twenty-year period an immense number of fields were left
untilled, houses were burned, trade changed its direction, millions
of men migrated, were impoverished, or were enriched, and millions
of Christian men professing the law of love of their fellows slew one
another.
What does all this mean? Why did it happen? What made those people burn
houses and slay their fellow men? What were the causes of these events?
What force made men act so? These are the instinctive, plain, and
most legitimate questions humanity asks itself when it encounters the
monuments and tradition of that period.
For a reply to these questions the common sense of mankind turns to the
science of history, whose aim is to enable nations and humanity to know
themselves.
If history had retained the conception of the ancients it would have
said that God, to reward or punish his people, gave Napoleon power and
directed his will to the fulfillment of the divine ends, and that reply
would have been clear and complete. One might believe or disbelieve
in the divine significance of Napoleon, but for anyone believing in
it there would have been nothing unintelligible in the history of that
period, nor would there have been any contradictions.
But modern history cannot give that reply. Science does not admit the
conception of the ancients as to the direct participation of the Deity
in human affairs, and therefore history ought to give other answers.
Modern history replying to these questions says: you want to know what
this movement means, what caused it, and what force produced these
events? Then listen:
"Louis XIV was a very proud and self-confident man; he had such and such
mistresses and such and such ministers and he ruled France badly. His
descendants were weak men and they too ruled France badly. And they had
such and such favorites and such and such mistresses. Moreover, certain
men wrote some books at that time. At the end of the eighteenth century
there were a couple of dozen men in Paris who began to talk about all
men being free and equal. This caused people all over France to begin
to slash at and drown one another. They killed the king and many other
people. At that time there was in France a man of genius - Napoleon. He
conquered everybody everywhere - that is, he killed many people because
he was a great genius. And for some reason he went to kill Africans, and
killed them so well and was so cunning and wise that when he returned to
France he ordered everybody to obey him, and they all obeyed him. Having
become an Emperor he again went out to kill people in Italy, Austria,
and Prussia. And there too he killed a great many. In Russia there
was an Emperor, Alexander, who decided to restore order in Europe and
therefore fought against Napoleon. In 1807 he suddenly made friends
with him, but in 1811 they again quarreled and again began killing many
people. Napoleon led six hundred thousand men into Russia and captured
Moscow; then he suddenly ran away from Moscow, and the Emperor
Alexander, helped by the advice of Stein and others, united Europe to
arm against the disturber of its peace. All Napoleon’s allies suddenly
became his enemies and their forces advanced against the fresh forces he
raised. The Allies defeated Napoleon, entered Paris, forced Napoleon to
abdicate, and sent him to the island of Elba, not depriving him of the
title of Emperor and showing him every respect, though five years before
and one year later they all regarded him as an outlaw and a brigand.
Then Louis XVIII, who till then had been the laughingstock both of the
French and the Allies, began to reign. And Napoleon, shedding tears
before his Old Guards, renounced the throne and went into exile. Then
the skillful statesmen and diplomatists (especially Talleyrand, who
managed to sit down in a particular chair before anyone else and
thereby extended the frontiers of France) talked in Vienna and by
these conversations made the nations happy or unhappy. Suddenly the
diplomatists and monarchs nearly quarreled and were on the point of
again ordering their armies to kill one another, but just then Napoleon
arrived in France with a battalion, and the French, who had been hating
him, immediately all submitted to him. But the Allied monarchs were
angry at this and went to fight the French once more. And they defeated
the genius Napoleon and, suddenly recognizing him as a brigand, sent him
to the island of St. Helena. And the exile, separated from the beloved
France so dear to his heart, died a lingering death on that rock and
bequeathed his great deeds to posterity. But in Europe a reaction
occurred and the sovereigns once again all began to oppress their
subjects."
It would be a mistake to think that this is ironic - a caricature of the
historical accounts. On the contrary it is a very mild expression of
the contradictory replies, not meeting the questions, which all the
historians give, from the compilers of memoirs and the histories
of separate states to the writers of general histories and the new
histories of the culture of that period.
The strangeness and absurdity of these replies arise from the fact that
modern history, like a deaf man, answers questions no one has asked.
If the purpose of history be to give a description of the movement of
humanity and of the peoples, the first question - in the absence of a
reply to which all the rest will be incomprehensible - is: what is the
power that moves peoples? To this, modern history laboriously replies
either that Napoleon was a great genius, or that Louis XIV was very
proud, or that certain writers wrote certain books.
All that may be so and mankind is ready to agree with it, but it is not
what was asked. All that would be interesting if we recognized a divine
power based on itself and always consistently directing its nations
through Napoleons, Louis-es, and writers; but we do not acknowledge such
a power, and therefore before speaking about Napoleons, Louis-es, and
authors, we ought to be shown the connection existing between these men
and the movement of the nations.
If instead of a divine power some other force has appeared, it should
be explained in what this new force consists, for the whole interest of
history lies precisely in that force.
History seems to assume that this force is self-evident and known to
everyone. But in spite of every desire to regard it as known, anyone
reading many historical works cannot help doubting whether this new
force, so variously understood by the historians themselves, is really
quite well known to everybody.
CHAPTER II
What force moves the nations?
Biographical historians and historians of separate nations understand
this force as a power inherent in heroes and rulers. In their narration
events occur solely by the will of a Napoleon, and Alexander, or in
general of the persons they describe. The answers given by this kind
of historian to the question of what force causes events to happen are
satisfactory only as long as there is but one historian to each event.
As soon as historians of different nationalities and tendencies begin
to describe the same event, the replies they give immediately lose all
meaning, for this force is understood by them all not only differently
but often in quite contradictory ways. One historian says that an
event was produced by Napoleon’s power, another that it was produced by
Alexander’s, a third that it was due to the power of some other person.
Besides this, historians of that kind contradict each other even
in their statement as to the force on which the authority of some
particular person was based. Thiers, a Bonapartist, says that Napoleon’s
power was based on his virtue and genius. Lanfrey, a Republican, says it
was based on his trickery and deception of the people. So the historians
of this class, by mutually destroying one another’s positions, destroy
the understanding of the force which produces events, and furnish no
reply to history’s essential question.
Writers of universal history who deal with all the nations seem to
recognize how erroneous is the specialist historians’ view of the force
which produces events. They do not recognize it as a power inherent in
heroes and rulers, but as the resultant of a multiplicity of variously
directed forces. In describing a war or the subjugation of a people, a
general historian looks for the cause of the event not in the power
of one man, but in the interaction of many persons connected with the
event.
According to this view the power of historical personages, represented
as the product of many forces, can no longer, it would seem, be regarded
as a force that itself produces events. Yet in most cases universal
historians still employ the conception of power as a force that itself
produces events, and treat it as their cause. In their exposition, an
historic character is first the product of his time, and his power only
the resultant of various forces, and then his power is itself a force
producing events. Gervinus, Schlosser, and others, for instance, at one
time prove Napoleon to be a product of the Revolution, of the ideas of
1789 and so forth, and at another plainly say that the campaign of 1812
and other things they do not like were simply the product of Napoleon’s
misdirected will, and that the very ideas of 1789 were arrested in their
development by Napoleon’s caprice. The ideas of the Revolution and the
general temper of the age produced Napoleon’s power. But Napoleon’s
power suppressed the ideas of the Revolution and the general temper of
the age.
This curious contradiction is not accidental. Not only does it occur at
every step, but the universal historians’ accounts are all made up of
a chain of such contradictions. This contradiction occurs because after
entering the field of analysis the universal historians stop halfway.
To find component forces equal to the composite or resultant force, the
sum of the components must equal the resultant. This condition is never
observed by the universal historians, and so to explain the resultant
forces they are obliged to admit, in addition to the insufficient
components, another unexplained force affecting the resultant action.
Specialist historians describing the campaign of 1813 or the restoration
of the Bourbons plainly assert that these events were produced by the
will of Alexander. But the universal historian Gervinus, refuting this
opinion of the specialist historian, tries to prove that the campaign of
1813 and the restoration of the Bourbons were due to other things beside
"
?
"
.
"
!
1
!
"
2
3
"
,
?
"
,
4
.
"
5
?
’
.
"
6
7
"
,
,
,
"
,
8
’
,
"
9
,
.
"
10
11
"
,
"
,
"
12
!
!
13
.
"
14
15
"
,
?
16
.
’
,
"
17
;
,
18
:
"
.
!
,
19
?
"
(
)
20
21
.
22
23
24
’
.
25
.
26
27
"
,
!
"
’
.
28
29
(
30
)
.
31
32
"
’
!
"
.
33
34
"
,
"
35
.
36
37
"
,
’
,
"
,
.
"
,
"
,
38
,
"
’
?
39
.
40
,
.
41
’
42
.
"
43
44
"
!
,
"
.
"
’
45
-
.
"
46
47
,
48
.
49
50
"
,
,
"
’
,
"
51
,
‘
,
,
’
52
‘
’
.
.
.
,
-
!
,
53
!
.
.
.
"
,
:
"
!
"
54
’
.
"
,
!
"
55
.
56
57
,
58
59
,
,
,
,
60
,
’
.
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
.
69
,
,
.
70
.
71
.
72
73
"
,
,
,
"
74
.
75
76
"
,
,
"
,
.
77
78
,
,
.
79
.
80
81
"
’
,
"
.
82
83
"
,
.
!
"
84
,
,
85
.
"
’
86
.
.
.
.
,
!
"
,
87
.
88
89
"
?
"
,
90
,
.
91
92
,
93
.
;
94
.
,
95
,
,
-
96
-
.
-
,
97
,
98
,
99
,
100
-
,
101
.
102
103
,
104
.
,
105
106
,
107
,
108
.
109
110
"
-
111
,
’
.
,
112
-
’
113
!
114
’
!
"
.
115
116
,
’
117
,
118
,
119
,
120
-
-
-
-
,
121
.
122
.
123
124
.
125
126
,
’
,
127
128
129
130
,
131
.
132
133
"
?
"
.
134
135
"
,
"
,
.
136
"
137
138
.
"
139
140
"
?
"
,
.
"
141
?
"
142
143
"
,
.
.
.
"
144
145
"
,
"
.
146
147
,
,
148
.
149
.
150
151
.
152
153
"
,
?
"
.
154
155
"
,
"
.
156
157
"
,
"
,
,
158
,
,
:
"
159
:
.
160
"
(
161
)
.
"
,
162
*
-
163
-
,
,
164
.
.
.
.
165
,
166
,
"
.
167
168
*
.
169
170
"
,
?
"
.
171
172
"
,
!
,
173
,
,
;
174
,
.
175
!
.
176
,
"
(
177
178
)
.
"
.
"
179
180
"
?
"
181
182
"
,
,
"
,
183
.
"
.
184
.
185
.
"
186
187
.
188
.
189
190
"
?
"
191
192
"
?
,
"
,
193
.
"
,
.
.
194
,
195
,
196
197
.
198
.
,
,
199
,
.
,
200
,
.
,
201
’
!
"
202
203
,
,
,
204
,
,
205
.
206
207
"
?
"
.
"
208
?
"
209
210
"
,
.
211
.
,
212
-
213
.
214
,
215
.
216
.
"
217
218
"
,
’
219
.
"
220
221
"
?
"
(
222
)
"
?
223
:
,
.
.
.
224
.
"
225
226
,
,
227
.
-
228
,
229
(
230
’
)
,
231
.
232
233
-
-
234
-
235
.
’
,
236
237
’
.
238
239
"
;
240
,
.
"
241
242
"
,
!
,
243
’
’
,
"
244
.
"
245
,
’
.
’
246
,
.
’
.
247
’
!
"
*
248
249
*
"
’
.
"
250
251
252
,
,
253
254
255
.
,
256
,
.
257
,
,
258
,
259
.
260
261
"
,
"
,
262
,
263
.
"
’
.
264
:
’
265
.
266
,
:
‘
,
,
267
268
-
-
269
.
270
,
,
.
’
271
!
"
272
273
.
,
274
.
275
.
,
276
’
.
277
278
,
279
,
,
.
280
281
"
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
282
?
"
.
283
284
,
,
,
285
286
,
287
.
,
,
288
.
289
290
"
,
,
"
,
.
291
292
293
.
.
294
295
"
,
,
.
.
.
,
"
,
296
.
297
298
.
299
300
"
,
,
"
,
.
301
302
,
303
.
304
305
"
,
"
.
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
,
314
-
.
315
316
.
.
317
318
,
319
,
320
,
321
,
.
322
323
"
,
?
"
.
324
325
.
326
.
327
328
,
329
330
.
331
332
"
,
,
"
,
333
,
.
334
335
"
?
"
,
336
.
337
338
.
339
340
341
.
(
)
342
.
343
.
,
.
344
:
’
345
,
.
346
,
,
,
347
,
.
348
.
349
,
350
.
351
.
352
353
354
"
‘
’
?
"
.
355
356
"
,
357
.
"
358
359
,
360
.
361
’
362
363
.
364
,
,
365
.
366
367
"
"
:
368
369
370
.
.
371
,
372
!
373
.
.
374
375
.
376
:
377
?
378
.
379
380
,
,
381
,
,
382
’
.
383
,
384
,
385
,
,
386
.
387
388
,
389
,
390
391
.
392
393
"
,
,
!
"
,
394
:
"
.
395
’
.
-
-
396
.
:
!
’
397
’
.
.
.
.
398
?
.
.
.
"
399
400
"
,
,
"
.
"
.
"
401
402
"
,
,
,
"
,
403
,
"
404
’
,
405
.
.
.
’
.
406
-
.
.
.
.
!
407
408
.
.
.
"
,
409
410
.
411
.
412
413
"
,
,
"
.
414
415
"
,
416
!
-
417
?
"
418
419
"
,
.
420
,
,
,
421
.
,
"
422
,
"
,
423
,
424
.
"
425
426
"
,
’
!
’
,
"
,
427
.
"
:
428
’
-
429
,
.
"
430
431
"
,
,
,
"
432
.
"
.
433
:
434
.
.
"
435
436
"
,
’
.
437
438
,
.
,
!
439
,
-
440
441
,
!
442
.
,
!
"
,
443
444
.
445
446
"
,
,
"
.
"
447
.
,
448
.
.
"
449
450
"
’
.
’
,
"
451
.
"
,
,
"
452
,
453
.
"
,
454
-
,
?
455
456
,
?
457
.
458
?
459
,
,
,
460
.
"
461
462
463
.
464
.
465
.
466
,
’
467
.
468
469
"
,
,
"
(
)
"
470
471
.
"
472
473
474
,
:
"
475
.
.
.
.
"
476
477
478
.
479
,
480
.
481
,
.
482
,
,
.
483
484
,
485
.
486
487
’
,
488
.
.
489
’
’
490
,
,
491
;
492
.
,
493
,
494
495
.
496
497
498
,
499
-
500
,
,
,
501
,
.
’
502
,
,
,
503
.
,
504
.
505
.
"
!
,
506
?
"
,
507
.
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
,
,
516
,
,
,
517
’
518
,
,
,
,
519
.
520
521
.
522
,
,
523
,
,
524
.
525
526
527
-
,
528
,
:
"
,
!
’
!
"
-
529
,
530
531
.
532
533
.
534
535
,
,
536
,
,
537
,
538
.
539
540
’
,
541
,
542
,
543
.
’
544
,
545
,
,
546
,
,
547
,
.
548
549
,
’
,
550
.
551
552
"
,
"
.
"
553
.
,
.
"
554
555
:
556
557
"
,
"
.
"
!
558
.
,
,
559
.
.
.
"
560
561
"
,
"
.
562
563
’
:
564
-
-
565
.
566
567
"
568
.
,
"
569
,
.
570
571
"
,
572
-
,
"
.
"
,
573
574
-
575
,
"
.
"
.
.
.
"
576
;
577
.
578
579
"
.
.
.
.
"
580
581
"
,
.
582
.
,
583
.
"
584
585
"
,
’
’
,
"
586
.
"
?
,
’
.
"
587
588
"
,
"
,
.
"
589
.
’
.
,
590
(
)
591
-
.
592
;
.
,
593
’
.
.
594
:
‘
,
,
595
-
.
’
596
.
"
597
598
’
,
599
.
"
600
?
?
"
601
.
"
602
?
"
,
603
.
604
.
605
606
"
?
"
.
"
607
.
,
?
"
608
609
.
610
’
.
611
612
"
?
"
,
,
613
’
.
"
614
.
.
.
.
"
615
616
"
!
"
.
"
,
!
"
617
618
"
,
,
"
,
.
"
619
.
620
,
,
,
621
.
-
,
622
’
623
.
.
.
.
"
624
625
"
,
.
.
.
"
.
626
627
"
,
’
.
.
’
628
,
.
.
.
.
,
-
"
629
.
630
631
"
,
"
,
"
,
632
!
,
633
.
!
634
?
.
.
635
-
’
!
"
636
637
"
,
"
.
"
.
.
.
"
638
639
"
’
!
’
!
"
,
640
.
"
?
"
,
.
641
642
"
,
’
.
"
643
644
.
645
646
"
,
?
647
,
"
,
648
.
"
-
.
"
(
649
.
)
"
,
’
.
.
.
.
’
650
.
.
.
.
’
.
"
651
652
.
653
.
654
-
,
,
.
655
656
.
657
658
"
.
?
,
.
"
659
660
"
,
,
,
"
.
661
662
.
663
.
664
665
.
666
667
"
668
.
669
,
.
’
670
.
"
671
672
"
.
"
673
674
"
?
"
675
676
"
?
.
"
677
678
"
?
"
679
680
"
,
,
"
,
.
681
"
:
682
,
,
,
.
’
683
.
!
,
’
.
,
684
-
!
"
.
685
686
687
’
688
.
(
689
.
)
690
.
,
691
,
692
-
.
.
693
,
694
,
.
695
696
.
697
,
.
698
,
699
.
700
.
701
.
702
703
"
?
"
,
704
.
"
,
705
.
"
706
.
707
-
-
,
708
,
:
709
,
,
.
710
.
.
711
.
712
713
"
!
"
.
(
714
,
.
)
"
715
.
716
.
,
.
717
.
?
718
.
.
719
,
.
720
’
,
721
.
.
,
,
722
!
"
723
.
724
725
"
?
"
’
.
726
727
"
,
"
,
.
728
729
"
!
"
.
730
"
!
,
!
?
,
731
,
!
,
732
.
.
.
.
"
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
.
747
,
748
,
.
749
750
751
-
.
752
,
753
.
754
755
:
756
?
757
758
,
759
.
760
761
762
.
763
764
,
,
.
765
766
’
767
768
,
769
.
.
770
,
771
.
772
773
774
,
775
,
,
776
,
,
.
777
,
,
,
778
779
,
-
780
,
,
,
,
,
781
,
782
783
.
784
785
786
,
787
,
788
"
"
,
789
,
,
(
)
790
,
(
)
791
.
792
793
794
,
795
,
,
.
796
797
798
(
799
,
,
,
800
,
,
,
,
)
.
801
,
802
:
803
,
,
;
,
,
804
805
.
806
807
;
,
,
808
.
809
.
810
,
,
,
811
,
,
812
,
,
.
813
814
-
-
.
815
816
-
817
,
,
,
818
,
,
,
819
820
.
821
822
?
?
823
?
?
824
?
,
,
825
826
.
827
828
829
,
830
.
831
832
833
,
,
834
,
835
.
836
,
837
838
,
.
839
840
.
841
842
,
.
843
844
:
845
,
,
846
?
:
847
848
"
-
;
849
.
850
.
851
.
,
852
.
853
854
.
855
.
856
.
-
.
857
-
,
858
.
,
859
860
,
.
861
,
,
862
.
.
863
,
,
864
.
865
,
866
.
867
;
,
868
,
,
869
.
’
870
871
.
,
,
872
,
,
873
,
874
.
875
,
876
,
.
,
877
,
.
878
(
,
879
880
)
881
.
882
883
,
884
,
,
885
,
.
886
.
887
,
,
888
.
.
,
889
,
890
.
891
892
.
"
893
894
-
895
.
896
,
,
897
,
898
899
.
900
901
902
,
,
.
903
904
905
,
-
906
-
:
907
?
,
908
,
909
,
.
910
911
,
912
.
913
914
,
-
,
;
915
,
,
-
,
916
,
917
.
918
919
,
920
,
921
.
922
923
-
924
.
,
925
926
,
,
927
.
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
?
936
937
938
.
939
,
,
940
.
941
942
.
943
944
,
945
,
946
.
947
’
,
948
’
,
.
949
,
950
951
.
,
,
’
952
.
,
,
953
.
954
,
’
,
955
,
956
’
.
957
958
959
’
960
.
961
,
962
.
,
963
964
,
965
.
966
967
,
968
,
,
,
969
.
970
971
,
.
,
972
,
973
,
974
.
,
,
,
,
975
,
976
,
977
’
978
,
979
’
.
980
’
.
’
981
982
.
983
984
.
985
,
’
986
.
987
.
988
989
,
990
.
991
,
992
,
993
,
.
994
995
996
997
.
,
998
,
999
1000