he doesn't care for such a detail. Whether the wind is fair or foul,
he goes on under steam; and if he goes on we run a risk of being very
much embarrassed, if not lost."
"Is that so, Shandon? That is serious!"
"You are right, Wall, it is; not only would the engine be of no use to
us if we got into a tight place, but what are we to do in the winter?
We ought to take some precautions against the cold in a country where
the mercury often freezes in the thermometer."
"But if I'm not mistaken, Shandon, the captain intends getting a new
supply at Beechey Island; they say there is a great quantity there."
"Can any one choose where he'll go in these seas, Wall? Can one count
on finding such or such a channel free of ice? And if he misses
Beechey Island, or can't reach it, what is to become of us?"
"You are right, Shandon; Hatteras seems to me unwise; but why don't
you say something of this sort to him?"
"No, Wall," answered Shandon, with ill-disguised bitterness, "I have
made up my mind not to say a word; I am not responsible any longer for
the ship; I shall await events; if I receive any commands, I obey, and
I don't proclaim my opinions."
"Let me tell you you are wrong, Shandon; for the well-being of all is
at stake, and the captain's imprudence may cost us all dear."
"And if I were to speak, Wall, would he listen to me?"
Wall did not dare say he would.
"But," he added, "he would perhaps listen to remonstrances of the
crew."
"The crew," said Shandon, shrugging his shoulders; "but, my dear Wall,
haven't you noticed that they care for everything else more than for
their safety? They know they're getting near latitude 72°, and that a
thousand pounds is paid for every degree of latitude beyond which is
reached."
"You are right, Shandon," answered Wall, "and the captain has taken
the surest means of securing his men."
"Without doubt," answered Shandon; "for the present, at least."
"What do you mean?"
"I mean that all will go very well in the absence of all dangers and
fatigues, in an open sea; Hatteras has caught them by his money; but
what is done for pay is ill done. But once let hardships, dangers,
discomfort, sickness, melancholy, and fierce cold stare them in the
face,--and we are flying towards them now,--and you will see whether
they remember the pay they are to get."
"So, in your opinion, Shandon, Hatteras will fail?"
"Exactly; he will fail. In such an enterprise, there should be an
identity of interests among the leaders, a sympathy which is lacking
here. Besides, Hatteras is mad; his whole past proves it! But we shall
see! Circumstances may arise in which the command of the ship will
have to be given to a less foolhardy captain--"
"Still," said Wall, shaking his head doubtfully, "Hatteras will always
have on his side--"
"He will have," interrupted Shandon,--"he will have that Dr.
Clawbonny, who only cares to study; Johnson, who is a slave to
discipline, and who never takes the trouble to reason; perhaps one or
two besides, like Bell, the carpenter,--four at the most, and there
are eighteen on board! No, Wall, Hatteras has not the confidence of
the crew; he knows it well, and he tries to make up for it by bribery;
he made a good use of the account of Franklin's catastrophe to create
a different feeling in their excited minds; but that won't last, I
tell you; and if he don't reach Beechey Island, he is lost!"
"If the crew suspected--"
"I beg of you," said Shandon, quickly, "not to say a word about this
to the crew; they'll find it out for themselves. Now, at any rate, it
is well to go on towards the north. But who can say whether what
Hatteras takes for a step towards the Pole may not be really retracing
our steps? At the end of MacClintock Channel is Melville Bay, and
thence open the straits which lead back to Baffin's Bay. Hatteras had
better take care! The way west is easier than the way north."
From these words Shandon's state of mind may be judged, and how
justified the captain was in suspecting a treacherous disposition in
him.
Shandon, moreover, was right when he ascribed the present satisfaction
of the crew to the prospect they had of passing latitude 72°. This
greed of gold seized the least audacious. Clifton had made out every
one's share with great exactness. Leaving out the captain and the
doctor, who could not be admitted to the division, there were sixteen
men on board the -Forward-. The amount was a thousand pounds, that was
£72 10-s-. for each man, for every degree. If they should ever reach
the Pole the eighteen degrees to be crossed would give each one a sum
of £1,125, a fair fortune. This whim would cost the captain £18,000;
but he was rich enough to pay for such a costly trip to the Pole.
These calculations aroused wonderfully the avarice of the crew, as can
be readily believed, and more than one longed to pass latitude 72°,
who, a fortnight before, rejoiced to be sailing southward.
The -Forward- sailed by Cape Alworth June 16th. Mount Rawlinson raised
its white peaks towards the sky; the snow and mist exaggerated its
size so that it appeared colossal; the temperature remained a few
degrees above the freezing-point; cascades and cataracts appeared on
the sides of the mountain; avalanches kept falling with a roar like
that of artillery. The long stretches of glaciers made a loud echo.
The contrast between this wintry scene and the thaw made a wonderful
sight. The brig sailed along very near the coast; they were able to
see on some sheltered rocks a few bushes bearing modest little roses,
some reddish moss, and a budding dwarf willow barely rising above the
ground.
At last, June 19th, in latitude 72°, they doubled Point Minto, which
forms one of the extremities of Ommanney Bay; the brig entered
Melville Bay, called "the Sea of Money" by Bolton; this good-natured
fellow used to be always jesting on this subject, much to Clawbonny's
amusement.
The obstacles to their course were but few, for June 23d, in the teeth
of a strong northeasterly breeze, they passed latitude 74°. This was
at the middle of Melville Bay, one of the largest seas of this region.
It was first crossed by Captain Parry, in his great expedition of
1819, and there it was that his crew won the £5,000 promised by act of
Parliament.
Clifton contented himself with remarking that there were two degrees
between latitude 72° and latitude 74°: that was £125 to his credit.
But they told him that a fortune did not amount to much up there, and
that a man could be called rich only when he could have a chance to
drink to his wealth; it seemed better to wait for the moment when they
could meet at some tavern in Liverpool before rejoicing and rubbing
their hands.
CHAPTER XIX.
A WHALE IN SIGHT.
Melville Bay, although perfectly navigable, was not wholly free of
ice; immense ice-fields could be seen stretching to the horizon; here
and there appeared a few icebergs, but they stood motionless as if
anchored in the ice. The -Forward- went under full steam through broad
passes where she had plenty of sailing-room. The wind shifted
frequently from one point of the compass to another.
The variability of the wind in the arctic seas is a remarkable fact,
and very often only a few minutes intervene between a calm and a
frightful tempest. This was Hatteras's experience on the 23d of June,
in the middle of this huge bay.
The steadiest winds blow generally from the ice to the open sea, and
are very cold. On that day the thermometer fell several degrees; the
wind shifted to the southward, and the heavy gusts, having passed over
the ice, discharged themselves of their dampness under the form of a
thick snow. Hatteras immediately ordered the sails which were aiding
the engine to be reefed; but before this could be done his
main-topsail was carried away.
Hatteras gave his orders with the utmost coolness, and did not leave
the deck during the storm; he was obliged to run before the gale. The
wind raised very heavy waves which hurled about pieces of ice of every
shape, torn from the neighboring ice-fields; the brig was tossed about
like a child's toy, and ice was dashed against its hull; at one moment
it rose perpendicularly to the top of a mountain of water; its steel
prow shone like molten metal; then it sank into an abyss, sending
forth great whirls of smoke, while the screw revolved out the water
with a fearful clatter. Rain and snow fell in torrents.
The doctor could not miss such a chance to get wet to the skin; he
remained on deck, gazing at the storm with all the admiration such a
spectacle cannot fail to draw forth. One standing next to him could
not have heard his voice; so he said nothing, but looked, and soon he
saw a singular phenomenon, one peculiar to the northern seas.
[Illustration]
The tempest was confined to a small space of about three or four
miles; in fact, the wind loses much of its force in passing over the
ice, and cannot carry its violence very far; every now and then the
doctor would see, through some rift in the storm, a clear sky and a
quiet sea beyond the ice-fields; hence the -Forward- had only to make
her way through the passes to find smooth sailing; but she ran a risk
of being dashed against the moving masses which obeyed the motion of
the waves. Notwithstanding, Hatteras succeeded in a few hours in
carrying his vessel into smooth water, while the violence of the
storm, now at its worst at the horizon, was dying away within a few
cable-lengths from the -Forward-.
Melville Bay then looked very different; by the influence of the winds
and waves a large number of icebergs had been detached from the shores
and were now floating northward, continually crashing against one
another. They could be counted by hundreds; but the bay is very broad,
and the brig avoided them without difficulty. The sight of these
floating masses, which seemed to be racing together, was indeed
magnificent.
The doctor was wild with enthusiasm about it, when Simpson, the
harpooner, came up to him and asked him to notice the changing tints
of the sea, which varied from deep blue to olive green; long bands ran
from north to south with edges so sharply cut that the line of
division could be seen as far as the horizon. Sometimes a transparent
sheet would stretch out from an opaque one.
"Well, Dr. Clawbonny, what do you think of that?" said Simpson.
"I agree, my friend, with what Scoresby said about these differently
colored waters," answered the doctor, "namely, that the blue water
does not contain the millions of animalcules and medusæ which the
green water contains; he made a great many experiments to test it, and
I am ready to agree with him."
"O, but there's something else it shows!"
"What is that?"
"Well, if the -Forward- were only a whaler, I believe we should have
some sport."
"But," answered the doctor, "I don't see any whales."
"We shall very soon, though, I promise you. It's great luck for a
whaler to see those green patches in these latitudes."
"Why so?" asked the doctor, whose curiosity was aroused by these
remarks of a man who had had experience in what he was talking about.
"Because," answered Simpson, "it is in that green water that most of
the whales are caught."
"What is the reason, Simpson?"
"Because they get more food there."
"You are sure of that?"
"O, I have seen it a hundred times in Baffin's Bay! I don't see why
the same shouldn't be the case in Melville Bay."
"You must be right, Simpson."
"And see," Simpson continued as he leaned over the rail,--"see there,
Doctor."
"One would say it was the track of a ship."
"Well," said Simpson, "it's an oily substance that the whale leaves
behind it. Really, the whale itself can't be far off."
In fact, the atmosphere was filled with a strong fishy smell. The
doctor began to examine the surface of the sea, and the harpooner's
prediction was soon verified. Foker was heard shouting from aloft,--
"A whale to leeward!"
All turned their eyes in that direction; a low spout was seen rising
from the sea about a mile from the brig.
"There she spouts!" shouted Simpson, whose experienced eye soon
detected it.
[Illustration]
"It's gone," said the doctor.
"We could soon find it again, if it were necessary," said Simpson,
regretfully.
But to his great surprise, although no one had dared to ask it,
Hatteras gave the order to lower and man the whale-boat; he was glad
to give the men some distraction, and also to get a few barrels of
oil. They heard the order with great satisfaction.
Four sailors took their places in the whale-boat; Johnson took the
helm; Simpson stood in the bow, harpoon in hand. The doctor insisted
on joining the party. The sea was quite smooth. The whale-boat went
very fast, and in about ten minutes she was a mile from the brig.
The whale, having taken another breath, had dived again; but soon it
came up and projected fifteen feet into the air that combination of
gases and mucous fluid which escapes from its vent-holes.
"There, there!" cried Simpson, pointing to a place about eight hundred
yards from the boat.
They approached it rapidly; and the brig, having also seen it, drew
near slowly.
The huge monster kept appearing above the waves, showing its black
back, which resembled a great rock in the sea; a whale never swims
rapidly unless pursued, and this one was letting itself be rocked by
the waves.
The hunters approached in silence, choosing the green water, which was
so opaque as to prevent the whale from seeing them. It is always
exciting to watch a frail boat attacking one of these monsters; this
one was about one hundred and thirty feet long, and often between
latitude 72° and 80° whales are found more than one hundred and
twenty-four feet long; ancient writers have often spoken of some
longer than seven hundred feet, but they are imaginary animals.
Soon the boat was very near the whale. Simpson made a sign, the men
stopped rowing, and, brandishing his harpoon, he hurled it skilfully;
this, with sharp barbs, sank into the thick layers of fat. The wounded
whale dived rapidly. At once the four oars were unshipped; the rope
which was attached to the harpoon ran out rapidly, and the boat was
dragged along while Johnson steered it skilfully.
The whale swam away from the brig and hastened towards the moving
icebergs; for half an hour it went on in this way; the cord had to be
kept wet to prevent its taking fire from friction. When the animal
seemed to go more slowly, the rope was dragged back and carefully
coiled; the whale rose again to the surface, lashing violently with
its tail; huge spouts of water were dashed up by it and fell in
torrents on the boat, which now approached rapidly; Simpson had taken
a long lance and was prepared to meet the whale face to face.
[Illustration: "The whale swam away from the brig and hastened towards
the moving icebergs."]
But it plunged rapidly into a pass between two icebergs. Further
pursuit seemed dangerous.
"The devil!" said Johnson.
"Forward, forward, my friends," shouted Simpson, eager for the chase;
"the whale is ours."
"But we can't follow it among the icebergs," answered Johnson, turning
the boat away.
"Yes, yes!" cried Simpson.
"No, no!" said some of the sailors.
"Yes!" cried others.
During this discussion the whale had got between two icebergs which
the wind and waves were driving together.
The whale-boat was in danger of being dragged into this dangerous
pass, when Johnson sprang forward, axe in hand, and cut the line.
It was time; the two icebergs met with irresistible force, crushing
the whale between them.
"Lost!" cried Simpson.
"Saved!" said Johnson.
"Upon my word," said the doctor, who had not flinched, "that was well
worth seeing!"
The crushing power of these mountains is enormous. The whale was the
victim of an accident that is very frequent in these waters. Scoresby
tells us that in the course of a single summer thirty whalers have
been lost in this way in Baffin's Bay; he saw a three-master crushed
in one minute between two walls of ice, which drew together with
fearful rapidity and sank the ship with all on board. Two other ships
he himself saw cut through, as if by a long lance, by huge pieces of
ice more than a hundred feet long.
A few moments later the whale-boat returned to the brig, and was
hauled up to its usual place on deck.
"That's a lesson," said Shandon, aloud, "for those who are foolhardy
enough to venture into the passes!"
CHAPTER XX.
BEECHEY ISLAND.
June 25th the -Forward- sighted Cape Dundas, at the northwest
extremity of Prince of Wales Land. There they found more serious
difficulties amid thicker ice. The channel here grows narrower, and
the line of Crozier, Young, Day, and Lowther Islands ranged in a line,
like forts in a harbor, drive the ice-streams nearer together. What
would otherwise have taken the brig a day now detained her from June
25th to the end of the month; she was continually obliged to stop, to
retreat, and to wait for a favorable chance to reach Beechey Island.
Meanwhile a great deal of coal was consumed; though during the
frequent halts only small fires were kept burning, sufficient to keep
steam up day and night.
Hatteras knew as well as Shandon the reduced state of their supply;
but feeling sure that he would find fuel at Beechey Island, he did not
wish to lose a minute for the sake of economy; he had been very much
delayed by running south; and, although he had taken the precaution of
leaving England in April, he now found himself no farther advanced
than previous expeditions had been at that time of year.
The 30th they passed Cape Walker at the northeast extremity of Prince
of Wales Land; this is the farthest point seen by Kennedy and Bellot,
May 3d, 1852, after an expedition across North Somerset. In 1851,
Captain Ommaney of the Austin expedition had been fortunate enough to
get fresh supplies there for his detachment.
[Illustration]
This cape, which is very lofty, is remarkable for its reddish-brown
color; in clear weather one can see as far as the entrance of
Wellington Channel. Towards evening they saw Cape Bellot, separated
from Cape Walker by MacLeon's Bay. Cape Bellot was so named in
presence of that young French officer to whom the English expedition
gave three cheers. At this place the coast consists of a yellowish
limestone, very rough in appearance; it is protected by huge masses of
ice which the north-wind collects there in the most imposing way. It
was soon no longer to be seen from the -Forward's- deck, as she was
making her way amid the loose ice towards Beechey Island through
Barrow Strait.
Hatteras, having resolved to go on in a straight line, in order not to
be carried past the island, hardly left the deck during the subsequent
days; he would go aloft to the cross-trees in order to pick out the
most favorable path for the brig. All that skill, coolness, boldness,
and even maritime genius could do, was done by him while sailing
through the strait. It is true that fortune did not favor him, for at
that season he ought to have found the sea nearly open. But by dint of
sparing neither steam, his men, nor himself, he succeeded in his aim.
July 3d, at eleven o'clock in the morning, the ice-master saw land to
the north; Hatteras soon made it out as Beechey Island, the general
rendezvous for arctic explorers. Almost all the ships which sail in
these latitudes touch here. Here Franklin passed his first winter
before advancing into Wellington Channel. Here Creswell, MacClure's
lieutenant, after a march of four hundred and sixty miles on the ice,
rejoined the -Phoenix- and returned to England. The last ship which
anchored at Beechey Island before the -Forward- was the -Fox-;
MacClintock took in supplies there, August 11, 1855, and repaired the
dwellings and storehouses; that was but a short time previous.
Hatteras knew all these details.
The boatswain's heart beat strongly at the sight of this island; when
he had last seen it he had been quartermaster on the -Phoenix-;
Hatteras asked him about the coast, the place for anchoring, the
possible change of the bottom. The weather was perfect; the
thermometer marked 57°.
"Well, Johnson," said the captain, "do you recognize this place?"
"Yes, Captain, it's Beechey Island! Only we ought to bear a little
farther north; the coast is more easily approached there."
"But the buildings, the stores?" said Hatteras.
"O, you can't see them till you get ashore; they are hidden behind
those hillocks you see there!"
"And did you carry large supplies there?"
"Yes, they were large. The Admiralty sent us here in 1853, under the
command of Captain Inglefield, with the steamer -Phoenix- and a
transport, the -Breadalbane-, loaded with supplies; we carried enough
to revictual a whole expedition."
"But did not the commander of the -Fox- take a great deal away in
1855?" said Hatteras.
"O, don't be anxious, Captain!" answered Johnson; "there will be
enough left for you; the cold keeps everything wonderfully, and we
shall find everything as fresh and in as good condition as on the
first day."
"I'm not so anxious about the provisions," answered Hatteras; "I have
enough for several years; what I stand in need of is coal."
"Well, Captain, we left more than a thousand tons there; so you can
feel easy about that."
"Let us stand nearer," resumed Hatteras, who, glass in hand, kept
examining the shore.
"You see that point," said Johnson; "when we've doubled it, we shall
be near our anchorage. Yes, it's from there we started for England
with Lieutenant Creswell and twelve sick men of the -Investigator-.
But if we were fortunate enough to be of service to Captain MacClure's
lieutenant, Bellot, the officer who accompanied us on the -Phoenix-,
never saw his home again! Ah, that's a sad memory! But, Captain, I
think it's here we ought to anchor."
"Very well," answered Hatteras.
And he gave the proper orders. The -Forward- lay in a little harbor
sheltered from the north, east, and south winds, about a cable-length
from the shore.
"Mr. Wall," said Hatteras, "you will lower the launch and send six men
to bring coal aboard."
"Yes, sir," answered Wall.
"I am going ashore in the gig with the doctor and the boatswain; Mr.
Shandon, will you go with us?"
"At your orders," answered Shandon.
A few minutes later the doctor, with gun and baskets for any specimens
he might find, took his place in the gig with his companions; ten
minutes later they stepped out on a low, rocky shore.
"Lead the way, Johnson," said Hatteras; "do you remember it?"
"Perfectly, Captain; only here is a monument which I did not expect to
find here."
"That," shouted the doctor, "I know what it is; let's go look at it;
it will tell us of itself why it was put here."
The four men went up to it, and the doctor, baring his head, said,--
"This, my friends, is a monument raised to the memory of Franklin and
his companions."
[Illustration]
In fact, Lady Franklin having, in 1855, sent a tablet of black marble
to Dr. Kane, gave another in 1858 to MacClintock to be placed on
Beechey Island. MacClintock discharged his duty, and placed this
tablet near a funeral pile raised to the memory of Bellot by Sir John
Barrow.
This tablet bore the following inscription:--
TO THE MEMORY OF
FRANKLIN, CROZIER, FITZ-JAMES,
AND ALL THEIR GALLANT BROTHER OFFICERS AND FAITHFUL COMPANIONS
Who have suffered and perished
in the cause of science and the service of their country.
THIS TABLET
Is erected near the spot where they passed their first arctic
Winter,
and whence they issued forth to conquer difficulties or
TO DIE.
It commemorates the grief of their Admiring Countrymen and Friends,
and the anguish, subdued by Faith,
of her who has lost, in the heroic Leader of the Expedition, the
Most Devoted
and Affectionate of Husbands.
"-And so he bringeth them unto the Haven where they would be.-"
1855.
This stone, on a lonely shore of these remote regions, touched every
one's heart; the doctor felt the tears rising in his eyes. On the very
spot whence Franklin and his men sailed, full of hope and strength,
there was now merely a slab of marble to commemorate them; and in
spite of this solemn warning of fate, the -Forward- was about to
follow the path of the -Erebus- and -Terror-.
Hatteras was the first to rouse himself; he ascended quickly a rather
high hillock, which was almost entirely bare of snow.
"Captain," said Johnson, following him, "from there we ought to see
the stores."
Shandon and the doctor joined them just as they reached the top of the
hill.
But their eyes saw nothing but large plains with no trace of a
building.
"This is very strange," said the boatswain.
"Well, these stores?" said Hatteras, quickly.
"I don't know,--I don't see--" stammered Johnson.
"You must have mistaken the path," said the doctor.
"Still it seems to me," resumed Johnson after a moment's reflection,
"that at this very spot--"
"Well," said Hatteras, impatiently, "where shall we go?"
"Let's go down again," said the boatswain, "for it's possible I've
lost my way! In seven years I may have forgotten the place."
"Especially," said the doctor, "when the country is so monotonous."
"And yet--" muttered Johnson.
Shandon said not a word. After walking a few minutes, Johnson stopped.
"No," he said, "I'm not mistaken."
"Well," said Hatteras, looking around.
"What makes you say so, Johnson?" asked the doctor.
"Do you see this little rise in the earth?" asked the boatswain,
pointing downwards to a mound in which three elevations could be
clearly seen.
"What does that mean?" asked the doctor.
"There," answered Johnson, "are the three tombs of Franklin's sailors.
I'm sure of it! I'm not mistaken, and the stores must be within a
hundred paces of us, and if they're not there,--it's because--"
He durst not finish his sentence; Hatteras ran forward, and terrible
despair seized him. There ought to stand those much-needed
storehouses, with supplies of all sorts on which he had been counting;
but ruin, pillage, and destruction had passed over that place where
civilized hands had accumulated resources for battered sailors. Who
had committed these depredations? Wild animals, wolves, foxes, bears?
No, for they would have destroyed only the provisions; and there was
left no shred of a tent, not a piece of wood, not a scrap of iron, no
bit of any metal, nor--what was more serious for the men of the
-Forward---a single lump of coal.
Evidently the Esquimaux, who have often had much to do with European
ships, had finally learned the value of these objects; since the visit
of the -Fox- they had come frequently to this great storehouse, and
had pillaged incessantly, with the intention of leaving no trace of
what had been there; and now a long drift of half-melted snow covered
the ground.
Hatteras was baffled. The doctor gazed and shook his head. Shandon
said nothing, but an attentive observer would have noticed a wicked
smile about his lips.
At this moment the men sent by Wall arrived. They took it all in at a
glance. Shandon went up to the captain and said,--
"Mr. Hatteras, we need not despair; fortunately we are near the
entrance to Barrow Strait, which will carry us back to Baffin's Bay."
"Mr. Shandon," answered Hatteras, "we are fortunately near the
entrance of Wellington Channel, and it will lead us to the north."
"And how shall we go, Captain?"
"Under sail, sir. We have two months' fuel left, and that is more than
we shall need for next winter."
"Permit me to say," began Shandon.
"I permit you to follow me to the ship, sir," was Hatteras's answer.
And turning his back on his first officer, he returned to the brig and
locked himself in his cabin.
For two days the wind was unfavorable; the captain did not come on
deck. The doctor profited by this forced delay to examine Beechey
Island; he collected a few plants which a comparatively high
temperature let grow here and there on some rocks which projected from
the snow, such as heather, a few lichens, a sort of yellow ranunculus,
a plant like sorrel with leaves a trifle larger, and some sturdy
saxifrages.
[Illustration]
The fauna of this country was much richer; the doctor saw large flocks
of geese and cranes flying northward; partridges, eider-ducks,
northern divers, numerous ptarmigans, which are delicious eating,
noisy flocks of kittiwakes, and great white-bellied loons represented
the winged tribe. The doctor was lucky enough to kill some gray hares,
which had not yet put on their white winter coat of fur, and a blue
fox, which Duke skilfully caught. A few bears, evidently accustomed to
fear men, could not be approached, and the seals were very timid,
probably for the same reason. The harbor was full of a very good
tasting shellfish. The genus -articulata-, order -diptera-, family
-culicides-, division -nemocera-, was represented by a simple
mosquito, a single one, which the doctor, though much bitten, had the
pleasure of catching. As a conchologist, he was less fortunate, and he
was obliged to content himself with a sort of mussel and some
bivalves.
[Illustration]
CHAPTER XXI.
THE DEATH OF BELLOT.
The temperature remained at 57° during July 3d and 4th; this was the
highest temperature observed. But on Thursday, the 5th, the wind
shifted to the southeast, with violent snow-squalls. The thermometer
fell twenty-three degrees in the preceding night. Hatteras,
indifferent to the hostility of the crew, gave the order to set sail.
For thirteen days, ever since passing Cape Dundas, the -Forward- had
not gone a single degree farther north; hence the party represented by
Clifton was dissatisfied; their wishes, it is true, coincided with
those of the captain, namely, that they should make their way through
Wellington Channel, and they were all glad to be off once more.
It was with difficulty that sail was set; but having in the course of
the night run up the mainsail and topsails, Hatteras plunged boldly
into the ice, which the current was driving towards the south. The
crew became very tired of this tortuous navigation, which kept them
very busy with the sails.
Wellington Channel is not very broad; it lies between North Devon on
the east and Cornwallis Island on the west; for a long time this
island was considered a peninsula. It was Sir John Franklin who
circumnavigated it, in 1846, from the western side, going about its
northern coast.
[Illustration: "The -Forward- in Wellington Channel."]
The exploration of Wellington Channel was made in 1851, by Captain
Penny, in the whale-ships -Lady Franklin- and -Sophia-; one of his
lieutenants, Stewart, who reached Cape Beechey, latitude 76° 20',
discovered the open sea. The open sea! It was for that Hatteras
longed.
"What Stewart found, I shall find," he said to the doctor; "and I
shall be able to get to the Pole under sail."
"But," answered the doctor, "don't you fear lest the crew--"
"The crew!" said Hatteras, coldly.
Then in a lower tone he murmured,--
"Poor men!" much to the doctor's surprise.
It was the first sentiment of this sort which he had ever noticed in
the captain.
"No," he went on warmly, "they must follow me, and they shall."
Still, if the -Forward- need not fear collision with the ice-streams,
she made but little way northward, being much delayed by contrary
winds. With some difficulty they got by Capes Spencer and Innis, and
Tuesday, the 10th, latitude 75° was at last reached, much to Clifton's
joy.
The -Forward- was now at the very spot where the American ships, the
-Rescue- and the -Advance-, commanded by Captain Haven, ran such
terrible dangers. Dr. Kane accompanied this expedition; towards the
end of September, 1850, these ships were caught in the ice, and
carried with irresistible force into Lancaster Sound.
Shandon told James Wall about it in the presence of some of the men.
"The -Advance- and the -Rescue-," he said, "were so tossed about by
ice, that they could keep no fires on board; and yet the thermometer
stood at 18° below zero. During the whole winter the crews were kept
imprisoned, ready to abandon their ships, and for three weeks they did
not take off their clothes! It was a terrible situation; after
drifting a thousand miles, they were driven to the middle of Baffin's
Bay!"
One may easily judge of the effect of such a narration on a crew
already discontented.
While this conversation was going on, Johnson was talking with the
doctor about an event which had taken place here; the doctor, at his
request, told him the exact moment when the brig reached latitude 75°
30'.
"There it is! there it is!" said Johnson, "there is that unlucky
land!"
And so speaking, tears came into the boatswain's eyes.
"You mean Lieutenant Bellot's death," said the doctor.
"Yes, sir, of that brave, good man!"
"And it was here, you say, that it took place?"
"Just here, on this part of the coast of North Devon. It was very
great ill-luck, and this would not have happened if Captain Pullen had
come on board sooner."
"What do you mean, Johnson?"
"Listen, Doctor, and you will see by how slight a thread life is held.
You know that Lieutenant Bellot had already made an expedition in
search of Franklin, in 1850?"
"Yes; in the -Prince Albert-."
"Well, in 1853, having returned to France, he got permission to sail
in the -Phoenix-, in which I was a sailor, under Captain Inglefield.
We came with the -Breadalbane- to carry supplies to Beechey Island."
"Those which we did not find!"
"Exactly, Doctor. We arrived at Beechey Island at the beginning of
August; the 10th of that month, Captain Inglefield left the -Phoenix-
to rejoin Captain Pullen, who had been away for a month from his ship,
the -North Star-. He intended on his return to send the Admiralty
despatches to Sir Edward Belcher, who was wintering in Wellington
Channel. Now, shortly after our captain's departure, Captain Pullen
reached his ship. If he had only come back before Captain Inglefield
had left! Lieutenant Bellot, fearing that our captain's absence might
be a long one, and knowing that the Admiralty despatches were
important, offered to carry them himself. He left the two ships under
Captain Pullen's charge, and left August 12, with a sledge and an
india-rubber canoe. He took with him Harvey, quartermaster of the
-North Star-, and three sailors, Madden, David Hook, and me. We
thought that Sir Edward Belcher would be somewhere near Cape Beecher,
at the northern part of the channel; hence we made for that part in
our sledge, keeping on the east bank. The first day we encamped three
miles from Cape Innis; the next day we stopped on the ice nearly three
miles from Cape Bowden. During the night, which was as bright as day,
land being only three miles distant, Lieutenant Bellot determined to
go and camp there; he tried to reach it in the canoe; a violent
southeast breeze drove him back twice; Harvey and Madden tried in
their turn, and with success; they carried a rope, and with it they
established communication with the shore; three objects were carried
across by it; but at the fourth attempt, we felt the ice moving away
from us; Mr. Bellot shouted to his companions to loosen the rope, and
we (the lieutenant, David Hook, and I) were carried to a great
distance from the shore. Then a strong southeaster was blowing, and
snow was falling. But we were not in any great danger, and he might
have been saved, since the rest of us were saved."
Johnson stopped for a moment, and gazed at the ill-fated shore, then
he went on:--
"After losing sight of our companions, we tried at first to shelter
ourselves under the cover of our sledge, but in vain; then with our
knives we began to cut a house in the ice. Mr. Bellot sat down for
half an hour, and talked with us about the danger of our situation; I
told him I was not afraid. 'With God's protection,' he said, 'not a
hair of our heads shall be hurt.' I then asked him what time it was.
He answered, 'About quarter past six.' It was quarter past six in the
morning of Thursday, August 18th. Then Mr. Bellot bound on his books,
and said he wanted to go and see how the ice was moving; he was gone
only four minutes, when I went to seek him behind the floe which
sheltered us; but I did not find him, and, returning to our retreat, I
saw his stick on the opposite side of a crevasse about three fathoms
wide, where the ice was all broken. I shouted, but there was no
answer. At that time the wind was blowing very hard. I searched all
around, but I could find no trace of the poor lieutenant."
"And what do you suppose became of him?" asked the doctor, who was
much moved by this account.
[Illustration]
"I suppose that when he left the shelter, the wind drove him into the
crevasse, and that, being thickly clad, he could not swim to the
surface. O Dr. Clawbonny, I never felt worse in my life! I could not
believe it! That brave officer fell a victim to his sense of duty! For
you know that it was in order to obey Captain Pullen's instructions
that he was trying to reach the land before the ice began to break! He
was a brave man, liked by every one, faithful, courageous! All England
mourned him, and even the Esquimaux, when they heard of his death from
Captain Inglefield, when he returned from Pound Bay, did nothing but
weep and repeat, 'Poor Bellot! Poor Bellot!'"
[Illustration]
"But you and your companions, Johnson," asked the doctor, much moved
by this touching account,--"how did you manage to get to shore?"
"O, it was very simple! We remained twenty-four hours on the ice
without food or fire, but finally we reached a firmly fastened
ice-field; we sprang upon it, and with an oar we got near a floe
capable of supporting us, and being controlled like a boat. In that
way we reached the shore, but alone, without our brave officer."
At the end of this account the -Forward- had passed by this fatal
shore, and Johnson soon lost sight of the scene of this terrible
catastrophe. The next day they left Griffin's Bay on the starboard,
and two days later, Capes Grinnell and Helpman; finally, July 14th,
they doubled Osborne Point, and the 15th the brig anchored in Baring
Bay at the end of the channel. The navigation had not been very
difficult; Hatteras found a sea nearly as free as that by which
Belcher profited to go and winter with the -Pioneer- and -Assistance-
in latitude 77°. That was his first winter, 1852-53, for the next he
spent in Baring Bay, where the -Forward- now lay at anchor.
It was in consequence of the most terrible dangers and trials that he
was obliged to abandon the -Assistance- in the midst of the eternal
ice.
Shandon gave a full account of this catastrophe to the demoralized
sailors. Was Hatteras aware of the treachery of his first officer? It
is impossible to say, but, at any rate, he said nothing about it.
At the end of Baring Bay is a narrow canal uniting Wellington Channel
with Queen's Strait. There the ice had accumulated very closely.
Hatteras made vain efforts to get through the passages to the north of
Hamilton Island; the wind was unfavorable; hence it was necessary to
go between Hamilton and Cornwallis Islands; five precious days were
lost in vain attempts. The air grew colder, and, July 19th, fell as
low as 26°; the next day was warmer, but this harbinger of the arctic
winter warned Hatteras not to linger longer. The wind seemed to blow
steadily from the west and delayed his progress. And yet he was in
haste to reach the point whence Stewart saw an open sea. The 19th he
resolved to enter the channel at any price; the wind blew dead against
the brig, which, with her screw, could have made headway against the
violent snow-squalls, but Hatteras had before all to be economical
with the fuel; on the other hand, the channel was too broad to permit
of the brig being towed. Hatteras, without taking into account the
fatigue of his crew, made use of a device which whalers often employ
under similar circumstances. He lowered the small boats to the surface
of the water, not letting them free from their tackle; then they were
made fast, fore and aft; oars were put out, to starboard on one side
and to port on the other; the men sat on the thwarts and rowed
vigorously, so as to propel the brig against the wind.
[Illustration: Hatteras made use of a device which whalers employ.]
The -Forward- made slight headway; this method of working was very
fatiguing; the men began to murmur. For four days they advanced in
that way, until July 23d, when they reached Baring Island, in Queen's
Channel.
The wind was still unfavorable. The crew could go no farther. The
doctor found the strength of the crew much pulled down, and he thought
he detected the first symptoms of scurvy; he used every precaution
against this terrible disease, having abundant supplies of lime-juice
and chalk-pastilles.
Hatteras soon saw there was nothing more to be got from his crew;
kindness and persuasion were fruitless; he resolved to employ
severity, and, if need be, to be pitiless; he distrusted especially
Richard Shandon, and even James Wall, who, however, never dared to
speak too loud. Hatteras had on his side the doctor, Johnson, Bell,
and Simpson; these were all devoted to him body and soul. Among the
uncertain were Foker, Bolton, Wolston, the gunner, Brunton, the first
engineer, who might at any moment declare against him. As to the
others, Pen, Gripper, Clifton, and Warren, they openly meditated
mutiny; they wanted to bring their companions over and compel the
-Forward- to return to England.
Hatteras soon saw that he could get no more work from his dispirited
crew, who now were worn out with fatigue from their hard work. For
twenty-four hours they remained in sight of Baring Island without
getting a foot forward. Still the weather grew colder, and in these
high latitudes even July felt the influence of the approaching winter.
The 24th, the thermometer fell to 22°. The young ice formed during the
night to a depth of about half an inch; if snow should fall on it, it
would soon be strong enough to bear the weight of a man. The sea soon
acquired the turbid tint which indicates the formation of the first
crystals.
Hatteras read aright these alarming signs; if the passes should close,
he would be obliged to winter here, far from the aim of his voyage,
and without even having seen that open sea which he must have got very
near, according to the accounts of his predecessors. Hence he resolved
to get on at any price a few degrees farther north; seeing that he
could neither try rowing with his crew exhausted, nor going under sail
with the wind always unfavorable, he ordered the fires to be lighted.
CHAPTER XXII.
THE FIRST SIGNS OF MUTINY.
At this unexpected command, the surprise on board of the -Forward- was
very great.
"Light the fires!" said some.
"With what?" said others.
"When we have only two months' supply in the hold!" cried Pen.
"And how are we to keep warm in the winter?" asked Clifton.
"We shall have to burn the ship down to the water-line, I suppose,"
said Gripper.
"And cram all the masts into the stove," answered Warren, "from the
foretopmast to the jib-boom."
Shandon gazed intently at Wall. The surprised engineers hesitated to
go down into the engine-room.
"Did you hear what I said?" shouted the captain, angrily.
Brunton walked toward the hatchway; but he stopped before going down.
"Don't go, Brunton," some one said.
"Who spoke then?" shouted Hatteras.
"I did," said Pen, approaching the captain.
"And what is it you're saying?" asked the captain.
"I say--I say," answered Pen with many oaths,--"I say that we have had
enough of this, that we are not going any farther, that we don't want
to wear ourselves out with fatigue and cold during the winter, and
that the fires shall not be lighted."
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