them upon the other, surrounded by a surveillance as benevolent as it
is active, they are absolutely forced to relinquish their anti-social
habits.
"The majority, after expiating their crimes by hard labour, receive
the rank of citizenship. Interested themselves in the maintenance of
order and justice, for the sake of the preservation of such property
as they have accumulated, many of them having become husbands and
fathers, the closest of all ties bind them to their present situation.
"The same revolution, brought about by the same means, takes place in
the lives of the women and wretched girls. By degrees accustomed to
more correct principles of conduct, they in time become the mothers of
hard-working and honest families."
The welcome accorded to the French at Port Jackson was in the highest
degree satisfactory. Every possible facility for the prosecution of
their researches was afforded to the naturalists, whilst the military
authorities and private inhabitants vied with each other in offering
provisions and help of every kind.
Many were the successful excursions in the neighbourhood, and the
naturalists delighted in examining the famous vineyards of Rose Hill,
to which the finest plants from the Cape, the Canary Islands, Madeira,
Xeres, and Bordeaux had been transported.
When questioned, the vine-dressers said the plants sprout more
vigorously here than anywhere else, but the first breath of wind from
the north-west is enough to destroy everything; buds, flowers, and
leaves alike withering beneath its scorching heat.
Somewhat later, the culture of the vine, transported to a more
favourable locality, increased greatly; and although it has as yet not
attained to any remarkable growth, furnishes a wine which is pleasant
to the taste and very alcoholic.
The Blue Mountains, which for a long time bounded European research,
are thirty miles beyond Sydney. Lieutenant Dawes and Captain Tench
Paterson--who explored Hawkesbury River, the Nile of New
Holland--Hacking, Bass, and Barraillier, had alike failed to scale
them.
Already, the thinning of the trees in the neighbouring forests, and
the excellence of the grass, had rendered New South Wales an excellent
pasturage. Cattle and sheep had been largely imported.
"They multiplied so quickly, that in State pastures alone there were
no less than 1800 head of cattle within a short time of our stay at
Port Jackson; of these 514 were bulls, 121 oxen, and 1165 cows. The
increase and growth of these animals was so rapid, that in less than
eleven months the number of oxen and cows had reached from 1856 to
2450, which would be at the rate of increase per annum of 650 head, or
one third of the entire number.
"Carrying this calculation on at the same rate for a period of thirty
years, or even reducing the increase by one half, it is clear that New
South Wales would be teeming throughout its length and breadth with
cattle.
"Sheep farming has had even greater success. The increase of flocks
upon these distant shores is so prolific that Captain MacArthur, one
of the richest landowners of New South Wales, does not hesitate to
assert, in a pamphlet published for that purpose, that in twenty years
New Holland alone will be able to supply England with all the wool
which is now imported from neighbouring countries, and the price of
which amounts yearly to 1,800,000-l-. sterling."
We know now how very little exaggeration there was in these
calculations, although at that time they appeared most wonderful. It
is interesting to read of the growth of this industry, and the
impression produced by it, in its earlier stages, upon the French
navigators.
The crew had many of them recovered their health, but the number of
able sailors was still so small that it was necessary to send the
-Naturaliste- back to France, after selecting the most healthy of the
crew. She was replaced by a vessel of thirty tons burden, called the
-Casuarina-, the command of which was entrusted to Louis de Freycinet.
The slight build and low draught of this vessel made it valuable for
coasting purposes.
The -Naturaliste-, says Péron, with the records of the expedition, and
the results of the observations made during the two voyages, also took
away with it "more than 40,000 animals of different kinds, collected
from the various countries which had been visited during the two
years." Thirty-two huge cases contained these collections, certainly
the richest ever brought together in Europe, which when exhibited in
the house occupied by myself and M. Bellefin, excited the admiration
of all the English visitors, especially of the celebrated naturalist,
Paterson.
The -Géographe- and the -Casuarina- left Port Jackson upon the 18th of
November, 1802. On this new trip the explorers surveyed King Island,
Hunter Island, and the north-western portion of Van Diemen's Land,
thus completing the geography of the coast of this huge island. From
the 27th of December, 1802, till the 15th of February, 1803, Captain
Baudin was engaged in reconnoitring the Kangaroo Islands, upon the
south-western coast of Australia, with the two gulfs opposite to them.
"It was indeed strange," says Péron, "to observe the monotonous and
sterile character of the different portions of New Holland--the
greater on account of its contrast to that of the neighbouring
countries. On the north-west we had been charmed by the fertile
islands of the Timor Archipelago, with their lofty mountains, rivers,
streams, and forests. Yet scarcely forty-eight hours had passed since
we left the desert shores of De Witt Land. Again, on the south, the
wonderful vegetation and smiling slopes of Van Diemen's Land had
excited our admiration, and yet more recently we had been delighted
with the verdure and fertility of King Island.
"The scene changes; we reach the shore of New Holland, and are once
more face to face with the desolation, the description of which must
already have wearied the reader as much as it surprised the
philosopher and oppressed the explorer."
The engineers who accompanied the -Casuarina- for the survey of
Spencer Gulf, and the peninsula which divides it from the Gulf of St.
Vincent, were obliged to abridge the prosecution of their discoveries
in Lincoln Port, and content themselves with the thorough survey which
enabled them to decide positively that no great river discharges
itself into the ocean in this region. The time for their return to
Kangaroo Island had arrived. But in spite of their conviction that if
they delayed they would be left behind, they did not hasten their
movements sufficiently, and upon reaching the rendezvous found that
the captain of the -Géographe- had already started, without concerning
himself in the least about the -Casuarina-, although her stock of
provisions was very inadequate.
Baudin decided to continue the exploration of the coast and the survey
of St. Francis Archipelago alone--a most important undertaking, as no
navigator had examined its islands separately since its first
discovery by Peter Nuyts in 1627.
Flinders had really just made this exploration; but Baudin was not
aware of this, and fancied himself the first European who had entered
these waters since their discovery.
When the -Géographe- reached King George's Harbour upon the 6th of
February, the -Casuarina- had already arrived there, but in such a
damaged condition that her captain had been obliged to run her aground.
King George's Sound, discovered in 1791 by Vancouver, is of great
importance, as being the only point throughout an extent of coast
equal to the distance between Paris and St. Petersburg where it is
possible to rely upon obtaining sweet water at all seasons of the year.
In spite of its advantages in this respect, the surrounding country is
very barren. M. Boullanger in his "Journal" says, "The aspect of the
country inland at this point is perfectly horrible; even birds are
scarce: it is a silent desert."
In one of the recesses of this bay, known as Oyster Harbour, a
naturalist, named M. Faure, discovered a large river, named after the
French, the mouth of which was as wide as the Seine at Paris. He
undertook to ascend it, and thus penetrated as far as possible into
the interior of the country. About two leagues from the entrance of
the river his further progress was arrested by two embankments,
solidly constructed of stones, connected with a small island, and
forming an impassable obstacle.
This barrier was pierced by several openings, most of them above the
low tide level, and much wider upon the side facing the sea than upon
the other.
By these openings the fish which entered the river at high tide could
easily pass through, but could not return, and were consequently
imprisoned in a sort of reservoir, where the natives could catch them
at their leisure.
M. Faure found no less than five of these erections in the space of
less than the third of a mile--a most singular proof of the ingenuity
of the barbarous natives of the country, who in other respects appear
upon the level of brutes.
In King George's Harbour one of the officers attached to the
-Géographe-, named M. Ransonnet, more fortunate than Vancouver and
D'Entrecasteaux, had an interview with the natives. This was the first
time a European had been able to approach them.
M. Ransonnet says, "We had scarcely appeared when eight natives, who,
upon our first appearance on their coast, had vainly called to us by
cries and gestures, appeared suddenly together. After awhile three of
them, who were no doubt women, went away again. The remaining five,
first throwing their assegais to a distance, to convince us, probably,
of their pacific intentions, assisted us in landing. At my suggestion,
the sailors offered them various presents, which they received with an
air of satisfaction, but without enthusiasm. Whether from apathy, or
as a mark of confidence, they returned the presents to us with a
pleased expression; and upon our once more presenting them with the
same things, they left them upon the ground or surrounding rocks.
"They were accompanied by many large and handsome dogs. I did all I
could to induce them to part with one. I offered them all I had, but
their refusal was persistent. They probably employed them in hunting
the kangaroo, which, with the fish that I had seen them pierce with
their assegais, formed their staple food. They drank some coffee, and
ate some salt beef and biscuits, but refused the bacon we offered, and
left it behind them upon the stones without touching it.
"These natives are tall, thin, and very active. They have long hair,
black eyebrows, short flat noses, sunken eyes, large mouths, with
projecting lips, and fine and very white teeth. The inside of their
mouths seemed as black as the outside of their bodies.
"The three who appeared the oldest among them, and who might have been
from forty to fifty years of age, had large black beards. Their teeth
appeared to have been filed, and the cartilage of the nose pierced.
Their hair was trimmed, and curled naturally.
"The other two, whose ages we took to be from sixteen to eighteen,
were not tatooed at all. Their long hair was gathered into a chignon,
powdered with red dust, similar to that which the elder ones had
rubbed over their bodies.
"They were all naked, and wore no ornament, excepting a large
waistband, composed of a number of small fringed strips of kangaroo
skin. They talked volubly, and sang in snatches, but always in the
same key, and accompanied their song with the same gestures. In spite
of the friendly feeling which continued to exist between us, they
never allowed us to approach the spot where the other natives,
probably their wives, were hidden."
After a stay of twelve days in King George's Harbour, the explorers
again put to sea. They rectified and completed the maps drawn by
D'Entrecasteaux and Vancouver of Lecon, Edel, and Endrant Lands, which
were in turn visited and surveyed, between the 7th and the 26th of
March. Thence Baudin proceeded to De Witt Land, which was almost
unknown when he visited it the first time. He hoped to succeed better
than De Witt, Vianen, Dampier, and St. Allouarn, who had all been
unsuccessful in their efforts to explore it; but the breakers, reefs,
and sandbanks, rendered navigation extremely perilous.
A new source of danger shortly afterwards arose, in the singular
illusion of the mirage. "The effect," says the narrative, "was to make
the -Géographe- appear to be surrounded by reefs, although at the time
she was a full league away from them, and every one on board the
-Casuarina- imagined her to be in the most imminent danger. Only when
it became too exaggerated to be real was the magic of the illusion
dispelled."
Upon the 3rd of May the two vessels once more cast anchor in Coupang
Port, Timor Island. One month later, after revictualling, Captain
Baudin set sail for De Witt Land, where he now hoped to find the winds
favourable for an advance to the east. From thence he proceeded to
Mauritius, where he died upon the 16th of September, 1803. It appears
probable that the precarious state of his health had some influence
upon his conduct of this expedition, and possibly his staff would have
had less reason to complain of him had he been in full possession of
all his faculties. This, however, is a question for psychologists to
decide.
[Illustration: Water-carrier at Timor. (Fac-simile of early
engraving.)]
The -Géographe- entered Lorient roadstead upon the 23rd of March, and
three days later the vast collection of natural curiosities was landed.
The narrative says, "Besides an immense number of cases, containing
minerals, dried plants, fish, reptiles, and zoophytes, preserved in
brandy, stuffed or dissected quadrupeds and birds, we had seventy
large cases filled with vegetables in their natural state, comprising
nearly two hundred species of useful plants, and about six hundred
varieties of seeds. In addition to all this, at least a hundred living
animals."
We cannot better complete our account of the results of this
expedition than by giving an extract from the report laid before the
Government by the Institute, relating more particularly to the
zoological collection made by MM. Péron and Lesueur.
"It comprises more than 100,000 specimens of large and small animals.
Many important new species are already recognized, and there still
remain, according to the statement made by the professor at the museum,
upwards of 2500 to be classified."
When we reflect that Cook's second voyage, the most successful
undertaken up to this period, had produced only 250 specimens; that
the united voyages of Carteret, Wallis, Furneaux, Meares, and even
Vancouver, had not accumulated so many, and when we admit that the
same statement applies to all succeeding French expeditions, it is
evident that MM. Péron and Lesueur introduced more new animals to
Europe than all other modern travellers put together.
Moreover, the geographical and hydrographical results were
considerable. The English Government has always refused to acknowledge
them, and Desborough Cooley, in his "History of Voyages," subordinates
Baudin's discoveries to those of Flinders. It was even suggested that
Flinders was detained prisoner at Mauritius for six years and a half,
in order to allow French authors time to consult his maps, and arrange
the details of their voyages accordingly. This accusation is too
absurd to need refutation.
The two navigators, French and English, have each fairly earned a
place in the history of the discovery of the Australian coasts, and it
is unnecessary to praise one at the expense of the other.
In the preface to the second edition of his "Voyage de la Corvette
-Australis-" which was revised and corrected by Louis de Freycinet,
Péron has given each his due meed of praise; and to his able work we
refer all readers who are interested in the question.
CHAPTER II.
AFRICAN EXPLORERS.
Shaw in Algeria and Tunis--Hornemann in Fezzan--Adamson at Senegal--
Houghton in Senegambia--Mungo Park and his two voyages to the Djoliba,
or Niger--Sego--Timbuctoo--Sparmann and Lavaillant at the Cape, at
Natal, and in the Interior--Lacerda in Mozambique, and at Cazembé--
Bruce in Abyssinia--Sources of the Blue Nile--Tzana Lake--Browne's
journey in Darfur.
An Englishman named Thomas Shaw, a chaplain in Algeria, had profited
by his twelve years' stay in Barbary to gather together a rich
collection of natural curiosities, medals, inscriptions, and various
objects of interest. Although he himself never visited the southern
portion of Algeria, he availed himself of the facts he was able to
obtain from well-informed travellers, who imparted to him a mass of
information concerning the little known and scarcely visited country.
He published a book in two large quarto volumes, which embraced the
whole of ancient Numidia.
[Illustration: Map of part of North Africa.]
It was rather the work of a learned man than the account of a
traveller, and it must be admitted that the learning is occasionally
ill-directed. But in spite of its shortcomings as a geographical
history, it had a large value at the time of its publication, and no
one could have been better situated than Shaw for collecting such an
enormous mass of material.
The following extract may give an idea of the style of the work:--
"The chief manufacture of the Kabyles and Arabs is the making 'hykes,'
as they call their blankets. The women alone are employed in this
work; like Andromache and Penelope of old, they do not use the shuttle,
but weave every thread of the woof with their fingers. The usual size
of a hyke is six yards long and five or six feet broad, serving the
Kabyle and Arab as a complete dress during the day, and as a covering
for the bed at night. It is a loose but troublesome garment, as it is
often disarranged and slips down, so that the person who wears it is
every moment obliged to tuck it up and rearrange it. This shows the
great use there is of a girdle whenever men are in active employment,
and explains the force of the Scripture injunction -of having our
loins girded-. The method of wearing this garment, with the use it is
at other times put to as bed-covering, makes it probable that it is
similar to if not identical with the -peplus- of the ancients. It is
likewise probable that the loose garment flung over the shoulder, the
-toga- of the Romans, was of this kind, as the drapery of statues is
arranged very much in the same manner as the Arab hyke."
It is unnecessary to linger over this work, which has little interest
for us. We shall do better to turn our attention to the journey of
Frederic Conrad Horneman to Fezzan.
This young German offered his services to the African Society of
London, and, having satisfied the authorities of his knowledge of
medicine and acquaintance with the Arabic language, he was engaged,
and furnished with letters of introduction, safe-conducts, and
unlimited credit.
Leaving London in July, 1797, he went first to Paris. Lalande
introduced him to the Institute, and presented him with his "Mémoire
sur l'Afrique," and Broussonet gave him an introduction to a Turk from
whom he obtained letters of recommendation to certain Cairo merchants
who carried on business in the interior of Africa.
During his stay at Cairo, Horneman devoted himself to perfecting his
knowledge of Arabic, and studying the manners and customs of the
natives. We must not omit to mention that the traveller had been
presented by Monge and Berthollet to Napoleon Buonaparte, who was then
in command of the French forces in Egypt. From him he received a
cordial welcome, and Buonaparte placed all the resources of the
country at his service.
[Illustration: "He received a cordial welcome."]
As the safer method of travelling, Horneman resolved to disguise
himself as a Mohammedan merchant. He quickly learned a few prayers,
and adopted a style of dress likely to impose upon unsuspecting people.
He then started, accompanied by a fellow-countryman named Joseph
Frendenburg, who had been a Mussulman for more than twelve years, had
already made three pilgrimages to Mecca, and was perfectly familiar
with the various Turkish and Arabic dialects. He was to act as
Horneman's interpreter.
On the 5th of September, 1798, the traveller left Cairo with a caravan,
and visited the famous oasis of Jupiter Ammon or Siwah, situated in
the desert on the east of Egypt. It is a small independent state,
which acknowledges the Sultan, but is exempt from paying tribute. The
town of Siwah is surrounded by several villages, at distances of a
mile or two. It is built upon a rock in which the inhabitants have
hollowed recesses for their dwellings. The streets are so narrow and
intricate that a stranger cannot possibly find his way among them.
This oasis is of considerable extent. The most fertile portion
comprises a well-watered valley, about fifty miles in circumference,
which is productive of corn and edible vegetables. Dates of an
excellent flavour are its most valuable export.
Horneman was anxious to explore some ruins which he had noticed, for
he could obtain little information from the natives. But every time he
penetrated to any distance in the ruins, he was followed by a number
of the inhabitants, who prevented him from examining anything in
detail. One of the Arabs said to him, "You must still be a Christian
at heart, or you would not so often visit the works of the infidels."
This remark put a speedy end to Horneman's further explorations. As
far as his superficial examination enabled him to judge, it was really
the oasis of Ammon, and the ruins appeared to him to be of Egyptian
origin.
The immense number of catacombs in the neighbourhood of the town,
especially on the hill overlooking it, indicate a dense population in
ancient times. The traveller endeavoured vainly to obtain a perfect
head from one of these burial-places. Amongst the skulls he procured,
he found no certain proof that they had been filled with resin. He met
with many fragments of clothing, but they were all in such a state of
decay that it was impossible to decide upon their origin or use.
After a stay of eight days in this place, Horneman crossed the
mountains which surrounded the oasis of Siwah, and directed his steps
towards Schiatah. So far no misfortune had interrupted his progress.
But at Schiatah he was denounced as a Christian and a spy. Horneman
cleverly saved his life by boldly reading out a passage in the Koran
which he had in his possession. Unfortunately, his interpreter,
expecting that his baggage would be searched, had burned the
collection of fragments of mummies, the botanical specimens, the
journal containing the account of the journey, and all the books. This
loss was quite irreparable.
A little further on, the caravan reached Augila, a town mentioned by
Herodotus, who places it some ten days' journey from the oasis of
Ammon. This accords with the testimony given by Horneman, who reached
it in nine days' forced march. At Augila a number of merchants from
Bengasi, Merote, and Mokamba had joined the caravan, amounting
altogether to no less than a hundred and twenty persons. After a long
journey over a sandy desert, the caravan entered a country
interspersed with hills and ravines, where they found trees and grass
at intervals. This was the desert of Harutsch. It was necessary to
cross it in order to reach Temissa, a town of little note, built upon
a hill, and surrounded by a high wall. At Zuila the Fezzan country was
entered. The usual ceremonies, with interminable compliments and
congratulations, were repeated at the entrance to every town. The
Arabs appear to lay great stress upon these salutations, little
trustworthy as they are, and travellers constantly express surprise at
their frequent recurrence.
Upon the 17th of November, the caravan halted at Murzuk, the capital
of Fezzan. It was the end of the journey. Horneman says that the
greatest length of the cultivated portion of Fezzan is about three
hundred miles from north to south, but to this must be added the
mountainous region of Harutsch on the east, and the various deserts
north and west. The climate is never pleasant; in summer the heat is
terrible, and when the wind blows from the south, it is all but
insupportable, even to the natives, and in winter the north wind is so
cold that they are obliged to have recourse to fires.
The produce of the country consists principally of dates and
vegetables. Murzuk is the chief market; there are collected the
products of Cairo, Bengazi, Tripoli, Ghâdames, Ghât, and the Soudan.
Among the articles of commerce are male and female slaves, ostrich
feathers, skins of wild beasts, and gold-dust or nuggets. Bornu
produces copper; Cairo silks, calicoes, woollen garments, imitation
coral, bracelets, and Indian manufactures. Fire-arms, sabres, and
knives are imported by the merchants of Tripoli and Ghâdames.
The Fezzan country is ruled by a sultan descended from the scherifs,
whose power is limitless, but who, nevertheless, pays a tribute of
four thousand dollars to the Bey of Tripoli. Horneman, without giving
the grounds of his calculation, informs us that the population amounts
to seventy-five thousand inhabitants, all of whom profess
Mohammedanism.
Horneman's narrative gives a few more details of the manners and
customs of the people. He ends his report to the African Society by
saying that he proposes visiting Fezzan again in the hope of obtaining
new facts.
We learn, further, that Frendenburg, Horneman's faithful associate,
died at Murzuk. Attacked by a violent fever, Horneman was forced to
remain much longer than he desired in that town. While still only
partially recovered, he went to Tripoli for change and rest, hoping
there to meet with Europeans. Upon the 1st of December, 1799, he
returned to Murzuk, and left it finally with a caravan upon the 7th of
April, 1800. He was irresistibly attracted towards Bornu, and perished
in that country, which was to claim so many victims.
During the eighteenth century, Africa was literally besieged by
travellers. Explorers endeavoured to penetrate into it from every side.
More than one succeeded in reaching the interior, only to meet with
repulse or death. The discovery of the secrets of this mysterious
continent was reserved for our own age, when the unexpected fertility
of its resources has astonished the civilized world.
The facts relating to the coast of Senegal needed confirmation, but
the French superiority was no longer undisputed. The English, with
their earnest and enterprising character, were convinced of its
importance in the development of their commerce, and determined upon
its exploration. But before proceeding to the narrative of the
adventures of Major Houghton and Mungo Park, we will devote a small
space to the record of the work done by the French naturalist, Michel
Adanson.
Devoted from early youth to the study of natural history, Adanson
wished to become famous by the discovery of new species. It was
hopeless to dream of obtaining them in Europe, and, in spite of
opposition, Adanson selected Senegal as the field of his labours. He
says, in a manuscript letter, that he chose it because it was the most
difficult to explore of all European settlements, and, being the
hottest, most unhealthy, and most dangerous, was the least known by
naturalists. Certainly a choice founded upon such reasoning gave proof
of rare courage and ambition.
It is true that Adanson was by no means the first naturalist to
encounter similar dangers, but he was the first to undertake them,
with so much enthusiasm, at his own cost, and without hope of reward.
Upon his return, he had not sufficient money to pay for the
publication of his account of the discoveries he had made.
Embarking upon the 3rd of March, 1749, on board the -Chevalier Marin-,
commanded by D'Après de Mannevillette, he touched at Santa Cruz,
Teneriffe, and disembarked at the mouth of the Senegal, which he took
to be the Niger of ancient geographers. During nearly five years he
was engaged in exploring the colony in every direction, visiting in
turn Podor, Portudal, Albreda, and the mouth of the Gambia. With
unceasing perseverance, he collected a rich harvest of facts in the
animal, vegetable, and mineral kingdoms.
To him is due the first exact account of a gigantic tree called the
Baobab, which is often called Adansonia after him; of the habits of
the grasshoppers, which form the chief food of certain wild tribes; of
the white ants, and the dwellings they construct; and of a certain
kind of oyster, which attach themselves to trees at the mouth of the
Gambia. He says,--
"The natives have not the difficulty one might anticipate in catching
them; they simply cut off the bough to which they cling. They often
cluster to the number of over two hundred on one branch, and if there
are several branches, they form a bunch of oysters such as a man could
scarcely carry."
[Illustration: The Baobab.]
In spite of the interest of these and similar discoveries, there are
few new facts for the geographer to glean. A few words about the
Yolofs and Mandingoes comprise all there is to learn. If we followed
Adanson throughout his explorations, we should gain little fresh
information.
The same cannot be said of the expedition of which we are about to
give some account. Major Houghton, captain in the 69th regiment, and
English Governor of the Fort of Goree, had been familiar from his
youth, part of which was passed with the English Embassy in Morocco,
with the manners and customs of the Moors and the negroes of
Senegambia. In 1790, he proposed to the African Society to explore the
course of the Niger, penetrate as far as Timbuctoo and Houssa, and
return by way of the Sahara. The carrying out of this bold plan met
with but one obstacle, but that was almost sufficient to upset it.
Houghton left England upon the 16th of October, 1790, and anchored in
Jillifree harbour, at the mouth of the Gambia, upon the 10th of
November. Well received by the King of Barra, he followed the course
of the Gambia to a distance of three hundred leagues, traversed the
remainder of Senegambia, and reached Gonda Konda in Yanvi.
Walknaer, in his "History of Voyages," says, "He purchased a negro, a
horse, and five asses, and prepared to proceed with the merchandise
which was to pay his expenses to Mendana, the capital of the little
kingdom of Woolli. Fortunately his slight knowledge of the Mandingo
language enabled him to understand a negress who was speaking of a
plot against him. The merchants trading on the river, imagining
commerce to be his sole object, and fearing that he might compete with
them, had determined upon his death.
"In order to avoid the threatened danger, he thought it wise to
deviate from the usual route, and, accordingly, crossed the river with
his asses, and reached the northern shore in the kingdom of Cantor."
Houghton then crossed the river a second time, and entered the kingdom
of Woolli. He at once sent a messenger to the king, bearing presents,
and asking for protection. He was cordially received, and the
traveller was welcomed to Mendana, the capital, which he describes as
an important town, situated in the midst of a fertile country, in
which many herds of cattle graze.
Houghton was justified in anticipating a successful issue to his
voyage; everything appeared to presage it, when an event occurred
which was the first blow to his hopes. A hut next that in which he
slept took fire, and the whole town was soon in flames. His
interpreter, who had made several attempts to rob him, seized this
opportunity, and fled with a horse and three asses.
Still the King of Woolli continued his protection of the traveller,
and loaded him with presents, precious not on account of their value,
but as signs of the good-will which they demonstrated. This friend of
the Europeans was named Djata. Humane, intelligent, and good-hearted,
he wished the English to establish a factory in his kingdom.
Houghton, in a letter to his wife, says,--
"Captain Littleton, during a stay of four years here, has amassed a
considerable fortune. He possesses several ships which trade up and
down the river. At any time one can obtain, for the merest trifle,
gold, ivory, wax, and slaves. Poultry, sheep, eggs, butter, milk,
honey, and fish are extremely abundant, and for ten pounds sterling a
large family might be maintained in luxury. The soil is dry, the air
very healthy; and the King of Woolli told me that no white man had
ever died at Fataconda."
Houghton then followed the Falemé river as far as Cacullo, which in
D'Anville's map is called Cacoulon, and whilst in Bambouk gleaned a
few facts about the Djoliba river, which runs through the interior of
the Soudan. The direction of this river he ascertained to be southward
as far as Djeneh, then west by east to Timbuctoo--facts which were
later confirmed by Mungo Park. The traveller was cordially received by
the King of Bambouk, who provided him with a guide to Timbuctoo, and
with cowries to pay his expenses during the journey. It was hoped that
Houghton would reach the Niger without accident, when a note, written
in pencil and half effaced, reached Dr. Laidley. It was dated from
Simbing, and stated that the traveller had been robbed of his baggage,
but that he was prosecuting his journey to Timbuctoo. This was
followed by accounts from various sources, which gave rise to a
suspicion that Houghton had been assassinated in Bambara. His fate was
uncertain until it was discovered by Mungo Park.
Walknaer says,--
"Simbing, where Houghton wrote the last words ever received from him,
is a little walled town on the frontier of the kingdom of Ludamar.
Here he was abandoned by his negro servants, who were unwilling to
accompany him to the country of the Moors. Still he continued his
route, and, after surmounting many obstacles, he advanced to the north,
and endeavoured to cross the kingdom of Ludamar. Finally he reached
Yaouri, and made the acquaintance of several merchants, on their way
to sell salt at Tischet, a town situated near the marshes of the great
desert, and six days' journey north of Yaouri. Then, by bribing the
merchants with a gun and a little tobacco, he persuaded them to
conduct him to Tischet. All this would lead us to suppose that the
Moors deceived him, either as to the route he should have followed, or
as to the state of the country between Yaouri and Timbuctoo.
"After two days' march, Houghton, finding himself deceived, wished to
return to Yaouri. The Moors robbed him of all he possessed, and fled.
He was forced to reach Yaouri on foot. Did he die of hunger, or was he
assassinated by the Moors? This has never been rightly determined, but
the spot where he perished was pointed out to Mungo Park."
The loss of Houghton's journals, containing the observations made
during his journey, deprived science of the result of all his fatigue
and devotion. To ascertain what he accomplished, one must have
recourse to the -Proceedings of the African Society-. At this time
Mungo Park, a young Scotch surgeon, who had just returned from a
voyage to the East Indies on board the -Worcester-, learnt that the
African Society were anxious to find an explorer willing to penetrate
to the interior of the country watered by the Gambia. Mungo Park, who
had long wished to acquaint himself with the productions of the
country, and the manners and customs of the inhabitants, offered his
services. He was not deterred by the apprehension that his predecessor,
Houghton, had probably perished.
[Illustration: Portrait of Mungo Park. (Fac-simile of early
engraving.)]
At once accepted by the Society, Mungo Park hastened his preparations,
and left Portsmouth upon the 22nd of May, 1795. He was furnished with
introductions to Dr. Laidley, and a credit of two hundred pounds
sterling. Landing at Jillifree, at the mouth of the Gambia, in the
kingdom of Barra, and following the river, he reached Pisania, an
English factory belonging to Dr. Laidley. He directed his attention
first to acquiring a knowledge of the Mandingo language, which was
most generally used, and in collecting the facts most likely to be
useful in the execution of his plans.
His stay here enabled him to obtain more accurate information than his
predecessors with regard to the Feloups, the Yolofs, the Foulahs, and
the Mandingoes. The Feloups are morose, quarrelsome, and vindictive,
but faithful and courageous. The Yolofs are a powerful and warlike
nation, with very black skins. Except in colour and speech, they
resemble the Mandingoes, who are gentle and sociable. Tall and
well-made, their women are, comparatively speaking, pretty. Lastly,
the Foulahs, who are the lightest in colour, seem much attached to a
pastoral and agricultural life. The greater part of these populations
are Mohammedans, and practise polygamy.
Upon the 2nd of December, Mungo Park, accompanied by two negro
interpreters, and with a small quantity of baggage, started for the
interior. He first reached the small kingdom of Woolli, the capital of
which, Medina, comprises a thousand houses. He then proceeded to Kolor,
a considerable town, and, after two days' march across a desert,
entered the kingdom of Bondou. The natives are Foulahs, professing the
Mohammedan religion; they carry on a brisk trade in ivory, when they
are not engaged in agriculture.
The traveller soon reached the Falemé river, the bed of which, near
its source in the mountains of Dalaba, is very auriferous. He was
received by the king at Fataconda, the capital of Bondou, and had
great difficulty in convincing him that he travelled from curiosity.
His interview with the wives of the monarch is thus described. Mungo
Park says,--
"I had scarcely entered the court, when I was surrounded by the entire
seraglio. Some begged me for physic, some for amber, and all were most
desirous of trying the great African specific of -blood-letting-. They
are ten or twelve in number, most of them young and handsome, wearing
on their heads ornaments of gold or pieces of amber. They rallied me a
good deal upon different subjects, particularly upon the whiteness of
my skin and the length of my nose. They insisted that both were
artificial. The first, they said, was produced, when I was an infant,
by dipping me in milk, and they insisted that my nose had been pinched
every day till it had acquired its present unsightly and unnatural
conformation."
Leaving Bondou by the north, Mungo Park entered Kajaaga, called by the
French Galam. The climate of this picturesque country, watered by the
Senegal, is far healthier than that of districts nearer the coast. The
natives call themselves Serawoullis, and are called Seracolets by the
French. The colour of their skin is jet black, and in this respect
they are scarcely distinguishable from the Yolofs.
Mungo Park says, "The Serawoollis are habitually a trading people.
They formerly carried on a great commerce with the French in gold-dust
and slaves, and still often supply the British factories on the Gambia
with slaves. They are famous for the skill and honesty with which they
do business."
[Illustration: Natives of Senegal.]
At Joag, Mungo Park was relieved of half his property by the envoys of
the king, under pretence of making him pay for the right to pass
through his kingdom. Fortunately for him, the nephew of
Demba-Jego-Jalla, King of Kasson, who was about to return to his
country, took him under his protection. They reached Gongadi, where
there are extensive date plantations, together, and thence proceeded
to Samia, on the shores of the Senegal, on the frontiers of Kasson.
The first town met with in this kingdom was that of Tiesie, which was
reached by Mungo Park on the 31st of December. Well received by the
natives, who sold him the provisions he needed at a reasonable price,
the traveller was subjected by the brother and nephew of the king to
endless indignities.
Leaving this town upon the 10th of January, 1796, Mungo Park reached
Kouniakari, the capital of Kasson--a fertile, rich, and well-populated
country, which can place forty thousand men under arms. The king, full
of kindly feeling for the traveller, wished him to remain in his
kingdom as long as the wars between Kasson and Kajaaga lasted. It was
more than probable that the countries of Kaarta and Bambara, which
Mungo Park wished to visit, would be drawn into it. The advice of the
king to remain was prudent, and Park had soon reason enough to regret
not having followed it.
But, impatient to reach the interior, the traveller would not listen,
and entered the level and sandy plains of Kaarta. He met crowds of
natives on the journey who were flying to Kasson to escape the horrors
of war. But even this did not deter him; he continued his journey
until he reached the capital of Kaarta, which is situated in a fertile
and open plain.
He was kindly received by the king, Daisy Kourabari, who endeavoured
to dissuade him from entering Bambara, and, finding all his arguments
useless, advised him to avoid passing through the midst of the fray,
by entering the kingdom of Ludamar, inhabited by Moors. From thence he
could proceed to Bambara.
During his journey Mungo Park noticed negroes who fed principally upon
a sort of bread made from the berries of the lotus, which tasted not
unlike gingerbread. This plant, the -rhamnus lotus-, is indigenous in
Senegambia, Nigritia, and Tunis.
"So," says Mungo Park, "there can be little doubt of this fruit being
the lotus mentioned by Pliny as the food of the Lybian Lotophagi. I
have tasted lotus bread, and think that an army may very easily have
been fed with it, as is said by Pliny to have been done in Lybia. The
taste of the bread is so sweet and agreeable, that the soldiers would
not be likely to complain of it."
On the 22nd February, Mungo Park reached Jarra, a considerable town,
with houses built of stone, inhabited by negroes from the south who
had placed themselves under the protection of the Moors, to whom they
paid considerable tribute. From Ali, King of Ludamar, the traveller
obtained permission to travel in safety through his dominions. But, in
spite of this safe-conduct, Park was almost entirely despoiled by the
fanatical Moors of Djeneh. At Sampaka and Dalli, large towns, and at
Samea, a small village pleasantly situated, he was so cordially
welcomed that he already saw himself in fancy arrived in the interior
of Africa, when a troop of soldiers appeared, who led him to Benown,
the camp of King Ali.
"Ali," says Mungo Park, "was sitting upon a black morocco cushion,
clipping a few hairs on his upper lip--a female attendant holding a
looking-glass before him. He was an old man of Arab race, with a long
white beard, and he looked sullen and angry. He surveyed me with
attention, and inquired of the Moors if I could speak Arabic. Being
answered in the negative, he appeared surprised, and continued silent.
The surrounding attendants, and especially ladies, were much more
inquisitive. They asked a thousand questions, inspected every part of
my apparel, searched my pockets, and obliged me to unbutton my
waistcoat to display the whiteness of my skin. They even counted my
toes and fingers, as if they doubted whether I was in truth a human
being."
An unprotected stranger, a Christian, and accounted a spy, Mungo Park
was a victim to the insolence, ferocity, and fanaticism of the Moors.
He was spared neither insults, outrages, nor blows. They attempted to
make a barber of him, but his awkwardness in cutting the hairy face of
the king's son exempted him from this degrading occupation. During his
captivity he collected many particulars regarding Timbuctoo, which is
so difficult of access to Europeans, and was the bourne of all early
African explorers.
"Houssa," a scherif told him, "is the largest town I have ever seen.
Walet is larger than Timbuctoo, but as it is farther from the Niger,
and its principal trade is in salt, few strangers are met there. From
Benown to Walet is a distance of six days' journey. No important town
is passed between the two, and the traveller depends for sustenance
upon the milk procurable from Arabs, whose flocks and herds graze
about the wells and springs. The road leads for two days through a
sandy desert, where not a drop of water is to be had."
It takes eleven days to go from Walet to Timbuctoo, but water is not
so scarce on this journey, which is generally made upon oxen. At
Timbuctoo there are a number of Jews who speak Arabic, and use the
same forms of prayer as the Moors.
[Illustration: Map of Western Africa.]
The events of the war decided Ali to proceed to Jarra. Mungo Park, who
had succeeded in making friends with the sultan's favourite, Fatima,
obtained permission to accompany the king. The traveller hoped, by
nearing the scene of action, to manage to escape. As it happened, the
King of Kaarta, Daisy Kourabari, soon after marched against the town
of Jarra. The larger number of inhabitants fled, and Mungo Park did
the same.
He soon found means to get away, but his interpreter refused to
accompany him. He was forced to start for Bambara alone, and destitute
of resources.
The first town he came to was Wawra, which properly belongs to Kaarta,
but was then paying tribute to Mansong, King of Bambara. Mungo Park
says,--
"Upon the morning of the 7th of July, as I was about to depart, my
landlord, with a great deal of diffidence, begged me to give him a
lock of my hair. He had been told, he said, that white men's hair made
a -saphic- (talisman) that would give the possessor all the knowledge
of the white man. I had never before heard of so simple a mode of
education, but I at once complied with the request; and my landlord's
thirst for learning was so great that he cut and pulled at my hair
till he had cropped one side of my head pretty closely, and would have
done the same with the other had I not signified my disapprobation,
assuring him that I wished to reserve some of this precious material
for a future occasion."
First Gallon and then Mourja, a large town, famous for its trade in
salt, were passed, after fatigues and incredible privations. Upon
nearing Sego, Mungo Park at last perceived the Djoliba. "Looking
forward," he says, "I saw, with infinite pleasure, the great object of
my mission--the long-sought-for, majestic Niger, glittering in the
morning sun, as broad as the Thames at Westminster, and flowing slowly
to the eastward. I hastened to the brink, and, having drunk of the
water, lifted up my fervent thanks in prayer to the Great Ruler of all
things for having thus far crowned my endeavours with success.
"The fact of the Niger flowing towards the east did not, however,
excite my surprise; for, although I had left Europe in great
hesitation on this subject, and rather believed it ran in the contrary
direction, I had made frequent inquiries during my progress, and had
received from negroes of different nations such clear and decisive
assurances that its course -was towards the rising sun- as scarce left
any doubt in my mind, more especially as I knew that Major Houghton
had collected similar information in a similar manner.
"Sego, the capital of Bambara, at which I had now arrived, consists,
properly speaking, of four distinct towns; two on the northern bank of
the river, called Sego Korro and Sego Boo, and two on the southern
bank, called Sego Sou Korro and Sego See Korro. They are all
surrounded with high mud walls; the houses are built of clay, of a
square form, with flat roofs; some of them have two stories, and many
of them are whitewashed. Besides these buildings, Moorish mosques are
seen in every quarter, and the streets, though narrow, are broad
enough for every practical purpose in a country where wheel carriages
are unknown. From the best information I could obtain, I have reason
to believe that Sego contains altogether about thirty thousand
inhabitants. The king of Bambara resides permanently at Sego See
Korro; he employs a great many slaves in conveying people over the
river; and the money they take, though the fare is only ten cowries
for each person, furnishes a considerable revenue to the king in the
course of a year."
By advice of the Moors, the king refused to receive the traveller, and
forbade him to remain in his capital, where he could not have
protected him from ill-treatment. However, to divest his refusal of
all appearance of ill-will, he sent him a bag containing 5000 cowries,
of the value of about a pound sterling, to buy provisions. The
messenger sent by the king was to serve as guide as far as Sansanding.
Protest and anger were alike impossible; Mungo Park could do nothing
but follow the orders sent. Before reaching Sansanding, he was present
at the harvest of vegetable butter, which is the produce of a tree
called Shea.
"These trees," says the narrative, "grow in great abundance all over
this part of Bambara. They are not planted by the natives, but are
found growing naturally in the woods; and, in clearing land for
cultivation, every tree is cut down but the shea. The tree itself very
much resembles the American oak; the fruit--from the kernel of which,
after it has been dried in the sun, the butter is prepared by boiling
in water--has somewhat the appearance of a Spanish olive. The kernel
is imbedded in a sweet pulp, under a thin green rind, and the butter
produced from it, besides the advantage of keeping a whole year
without salt, is whiter, firmer, and, to my palate, of a richer
flavour than the best butter I ever tasted from cows' milk. It is a
chief article of the inland commerce of these districts."
Sansanding, a town containing from eight to ten thousand inhabitants,
is a market-place much frequented by the Moors, who bring glass-ware
from the Mediterranean forts, which they exchange for gold-dust and
cotton. Mungo Park was not able to remain at this place, for the
importunities of the natives and the perfidious insinuations of the
Moors warned him to continue his route. His horse was so worn out by
fatigue and privation that he felt obliged to embark on the river
Djoliba or Niger.
At Mourzan, a fishing village upon the northern bank of the river,
everything combined to induce Park to relinquish his enterprise. The
further he advanced to the eastward down the river, the more he placed
himself in the power of the Moors. The rainy season had commenced, and
it would soon be impossible to travel otherwise than by boat. Mungo
Park was now so poor that he could not even hire a boat; he was forced
to rely upon public charity.
To advance further under these circumstances was not only to risk his
life, but to place the results of all his fatigues and efforts in
jeopardy. To return to Gambia was scarcely less perilous; to do so he
must traverse hundreds of miles on foot through hostile countries.
Still the hope of returning home might sustain his courage.
"Before leaving Silla," says the traveller, "I thought it incumbent on
me to collect from the Moorish and negro traders all the information I
could concerning the further course of the Niger eastward, and the
situation and extent of the kingdoms in its neighbourhood.
"Two days' journey eastward of Silla is the town of Djenneh, which is
situated on a small island in the river, and is said to contain as
many inhabitants as Sego itself, or any other town in Bambara. At a
distance of two days' more, the river widens and forms a considerable
lake, called Dibby (or the dark lake), concerning the extent of which,
all I could learn was that, in crossing it from east to west, the
canoes lose sight of land for one whole day. From this lake the water
issues in many different streams, which finally become two branches,
one flowing to the north-east, the other to the east; but these
branches join at Kabra, which is one day's journey to the south of
Timbuctoo, and is the port or shipping-place of that city. The tract
of land between the two streams is called Timbala, and is inhabited by
negroes. The whole distance by land from Djenneh to Timbuctoo is
twelve days' journey. North-east of Masena is the kingdom of Timbuctoo,
the great object of European research, the capital of the kingdom
being one of the principal marts for the extensive commerce which the
Moors carry on with the negroes. The hope of acquiring wealth in this
pursuit, and zeal for propagating their religion, have filled this
extensive city with Moors. The king himself and all the chief officers
of his court are Moors, and are said to be more intolerant and severe
in their principles than any other of the Moorish tribes in this part
of Africa."
Mungo Park was then forced to retrace his steps, and that through a
country devastated by inundation and heavy rains. He passed through
Mourzan, Kea, and Modibon, where he regained his horse; Nyara,
Sansanding, Samea, and Sai, which is surrounded by a deep moat, and
protected by high walls with square towers; Jabbéa, a large town, from
which he perceived high mountain ranges, and Taffara, where he was
received with little hospitality.
At the village of Souha, Park begged a handful of grain of a "dooty,"
who answered that he had nothing to give away.
"Whilst I was examining the face of this inhospitable old man, and
endeavouring to find out the cause of the sullen discontent which was
visible in his eye, he called to a slave who was working in the
corn-field at a little distance, and ordered him to bring his spade
with him. The Dooty then told him to dig a hole in the ground,
pointing to a spot at no great distance. The slave with his spade
began to dig in the earth, and the Dooty, who appeared to be a man of
very fretful disposition, kept muttering to himself until the pit was
almost finished, when he repeatedly pronounced the word -ankatod-
(good for nothing), -jankra lemen- (a regular plague), which
expressions I thought applied to myself. As the pit had very much the
appearance of a grave, I thought it prudent to mount my horse, and was
about to decamp when the slave, who had gone before to the village,
returned with the corpse of a boy about nine or ten years of age,
quite naked. The negro carried the body by an arm and leg, and threw
it into the pit with a savage indifference such as I had never seen.
As he covered the body with earth, the Dooty kept repeating -naphula
attemata- (money lost), whence I concluded the boy had been his
slave."
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000