At the same time as Magellan, the licentiate Rey Faleiro left Lisbon
with his brother Francisco and a merchant named Christovam de Haro;
the former was a man deeply versed in cosmographical knowledge, and
had equally with Magellan fallen under Emmanuel's displeasure.
Faleiro had entered into a treaty of partnership with Magellan to
reach the Moluccas by a new way, but one which was not otherwise
specified, and which remained Magellan's secret. As soon as they
arrived in Spain, (1517), the two partners submitted their project
to Charles V., who accepted it in principle; but there remained the
always delicate question touching the means for putting it into
execution. Happily, Magellan found in Juan de Aranda, the factor of
the Chamber of Commerce, an enthusiastic partisan of his theories,
and one who promised to exert all his influence to make the
enterprise a success. He had an interview accordingly with the high
Chancellor, the Cardinal and Bishop of Burgos, Fonseca. He set forth
with such skill the great advantage that Spain would derive from the
discovery of a route leading to the very centre of the spice
production, and the great prejudice which it would cause to the
trade of Portugal, that an agreement was signed on the 22nd of March,
1518. The Emperor undertook to pay all the expenses of the
expedition on condition that the greater part of the profits should
belong to him.
But Magellan had still many obstacles to surmount before taking to
the sea. In the first place there were the remonstrances of the
Portuguese ambassador, Alvaro de Costa, who, seeing that his
endeavours were in vain, even tried to compass the assassination of
Magellan, so says Faria y Sousa. Then he encountered the ill-will of
the employés of the -Casa de contratacion- at Seville, who were
jealous of a stranger being entrusted with the command of such an
important expedition, and envious of the least token of favour which
had been accorded to Magellan and Rey Faleiro, who had been named
commanders of the order of St. James. But Charles V. had given his
consent by a public act, which seemed to be irrevocable. They tried,
however, to make the Emperor alter his decision by organizing, on
the 22nd of October, 1518, a disturbance paid for with Portuguese
gold. It broke out on the pretext that Magellan, who had just had
one of his ships drawn on shore for repairs and painting, had
decorated it with the Portuguese arms. This last attempt failed
miserably, and three statutes of the 30th of March, and 6th and 30th
of April, fixed the composition of the crews and named the staff;
while a final official document dated from Barcelona the 26th of
July, 1519, confided the sole command of the expedition to Magellan.
What had meanwhile been happening to Rey Faleiro? We cannot exactly
say. But this man, who had up to this time been treated on the same
footing as Magellan, and who had perhaps first conceived the project,
now found himself quite excluded from the command of the expedition,
after some dissensions of which the cause is unknown. His health,
already shaken, received a last shock from this affront, and poor
Rey Faleiro, who had become almost childish, having returned to
Portugal to see his family, was arrested there, and only released
upon the intercession of Charles V. At last, after having sworn
fidelity and homage to the crown of Castille, Magellan received in
his turn the oath of his officers and sailors, and left the port of
San Lucar de Barrameda on the morning of the 10th of August, 1519.
But before entering on the narrative of this memorable campaign, we
must give a few particulars of the man who has left us the most
complete account of it, Francesco Antonio Pigafetta or Jerome
Pigaphète as he is often called in France. Born at Venice about 1491,
of a noble family, Pigafetta formed part of the suite of the
Ambassador Francesco Chiericalco, sent by Leo X. to Charles V., who
was then at Barcelona. His attention was no doubt aroused by the
noise which the preparations for the expedition made at that time in
Spain, and he obtained permission to take part in the voyage. This
volunteer proved an excellent recruit, for he showed himself in
every respect as faithful and intelligent an observer as he was a
brave and courageous companion. He was wounded at the battle of Zebu,
fighting beside Magellan, which prevented him from being present at
the banquet during which so many of his companions were destined to
lose their lives. As to his narrative, with the exception of some
exaggerations of detail according to the taste of that time, it is
exact, and the greater part of the descriptions which we owe to him
have been verified by modern travellers and learned men, especially
by M. Alcide d'Orbigny.
Upon his return to San Lucar on the 6th of September, 1522, after
having fulfilled the vow which he had made to go bare-foot to return
thanks to -Nuesta Señora de la Victoria-, the Lombard (as they
called him on board the -Victoria-,) presented to Charles V., then
at Valladolid, a complete journal of the voyage. When he returned to
Italy, by means of the original as well as of some supplementary
notes, he wrote a longer narrative of the expedition, at the request
of Pope Clement VII. and of Villiers de l'Isle Adam, grand-master of
the Knights of Malta. He sent copies of this work to several
distinguished personages, and notably to Louisa of Savoy, mother of
Francis I. But she not understanding, so thinks Harrisse, the very
learned author of the -Bibliotheca Americana Vetustissima-, the kind
of patois used by Pigafetta, and which resembles a mixture of
Italian, Venetian, and Spanish, employed a certain Jacques Antoine
Fabre to translate it into French. Instead of giving a faithful
translation, Fabre made a kind of abridgment of it. Some critics,
however, suppose that this narrative must have been written
originally in French; they found their opinion upon the existence of
three French manuscripts of the sixteenth century, which give very
different readings, and of which two are deposited in the
Bibliothèque Nationale at Paris.
Pigafetta died at Venice about 1534, in a house in the Rue de la
Lune, which in 1800 was still to be seen, and which bore the
well-known device, "No rose without a thorn."
At the same time, not wishing to confine ourselves to Pigafetta's
narrative entirely, we have compared and completed it with that of
Maximilian Transylvain, secretary to Charles V., of which there is
an Italian translation in Ramusio's valuable collection.
The fleet of Magellan consisted of the -Trinidad-, of 120 tons'
burden, which carried the flag of the commander of the expedition;
the -Sant'-Antonio-, also of 120 tons, commanded by Juan de
Carthagena, the second in rank, the -person joined with- Magellan,
says the official document; the -Concepcion-, of 90 tons, commanded
by Gaspar de Quesada; the famous -Victoria-, of 85 tons, commanded
by Luis de Mendoza; and lastly the -Santiago-, of 75 tons, commanded
by Joao Serrâo, called by the Spaniards Serrano.
Four of these captains and nearly all the pilots were Portuguese.
Barbosa and Gomez on board the -Trinidad-, Luis Alfonso de Goez and
Vasco Gallego on the -Victoria-, Serrâo, Joao Lopez de Carvalho on
the -Concepcion-, Joao Rodriguez de Moefrapil on the -Sant'-Antonio-,
and Joao Serrâo on the -Santiago-, with 25 sailors, formed a total
of 33 Portuguese out of the whole body of 237 individuals whose
names have all been handed down to us, and amongst whom are found a
considerable number of Frenchmen.
Of the officers whose names have been mentioned, it is to be
remembered that Duarte Barbosa was brother-in-law to Magellan and
that Estavam Gomez, who, by returning to Seville on the 6th of May,
1521, did not participate in the conclusion of this memorable voyage,
was afterwards sent by Charles V. to seek for the north-west passage,
and in 1524 sailed along the coast of America from Florida to Rhode
Island, and perhaps as far as Cape Cod.
Nothing could have been better arranged than this expedition, for
the equipment of which the whole resources of the nautical science
of that epoch had been taxed. At the moment of departure Magellan
gave his last orders to his pilots and captains, and the code of
signals which were to ensure unanimity in manoeuvres, and prevent a
possible separation.
On Monday morning, the 10th of August, 1519, the fleet weighed
anchor and sailed down the Guadalquiver as far as San Lucar de
Barrameda, which forms the port of Seville, where the victualling of
the ships was completed, and it was the 20th of September before
they were really off. Six days afterwards the fleet anchored at
Teneriffe in the Canary Archipelago, where both wood and water were
taken on board. It was on leaving this island that the first
symptoms appeared of the misunderstanding between Magellan and Juan
de Carthagena which was to prove so fatal to the expedition. The
latter claimed to be informed by the commander-in-chief of the route
which he intended to take, a claim which was at once rejected by
Magellan, who declared that he was not called upon to give any
explanation to his subordinate.
After having passed between the Cape de Verd Islands and Africa, the
ships reached the shores of Sierra Leone, where contrary winds and
dead calms detained the fleet for twenty days.
[Illustration: Juan de Carthagena placed in the stocks.]
A painful incident now occurred. During a council which was held on
board the flag-ship, a sharp dispute arose, and Juan de Carthagena,
who affected to treat the Captain-general with contempt, having
answered him with pride and insolence, Magellan felt obliged to
arrest him with his own hand, and to have him put in the stocks, an
instrument made of two pieces of wood placed one upon the other and
pierced with holes, in which were placed the legs of the sailor who
was to be punished. The other captains remonstrated loudly with
Magellan against a punishment which was too degrading for a superior
officer, and Carthagena in consequence was simply put under arrest,
and guarded by one of the captains. To the calms now succeeded rain,
tempests, and heavy squalls, which obliged the vessels to lie-to.
During these storms the navigators several times witnessed an
electric phenomenon of which the cause was not then known, but which
they considered an undoubted sign of the protection of heaven, and
which even at the present day is known by the name of St. Elmo's
fire. Once past the equinoctial line--a passage which does not at
that time seem to have been celebrated by the grotesque ceremony of
baptism which is in vogue at the present day--they steered for
Brazil, where, on the 13th of December, 1519, the fleet cast anchor
in the magnificent port of Santa Lucia, now known under the name of
Rio Janeiro. This was not, however, the first time that this bay had
been seen by Europeans, as was long believed. Since the year 1511 it
had been known under the name of -Bahia do Cabo Frio-. It had been
visited also, four years before Magellan's arrival, by Pero Lopez,
and seems to have been frequented since the commencement of the
sixteenth century by mariners from Dieppe who, inheritors of the
passion for adventurous navigation of their ancestors the North-men,
roamed over the world, and founded small establishments or factories
in all directions. Here the Spanish expedition procured cheaply, in
exchange for looking-glasses, pieces of ribbon, scissors, hawks'
bells or fish-hooks, a quantity of provisions, amongst which
Pigafetta mentions pine-apples, sugar-canes, sweet potatoes, fowls,
and the flesh of the -Anta-, which is thought to be the tapir.
The account given in the same narrative of the manners of the
inhabitants is sufficiently curious to be repeated. "The Brazilians
are not Christians," he says, "but no more are they idolaters, for
they worship nothing; natural instinct is their only law." This is
an interesting fact, and a singular avowal for an Italian of the
sixteenth century, deeply imbued with superstition; it offers one
more proof that the idea of the Divinity is not innate, as some
theologians have imagined. "These natives live to a great age, they
go entirely naked, and sleep in cotton nets called hammocks,
suspended by the two ends to beams. As to their boats, called canoes,
each is hollowed out of the single trunk of a tree and can hold as
many as forty men. They are anthropophagi (cannibals), but only on
special occasions, and scarcely ever eat any but their enemies taken
in battle. Their dress of ceremony is a kind of vest made of
paroquets' feathers, woven together, and so arranged that the large
wing and tail-feathers form a sort of girdle round their loins,
which gives them a whimsical and ridiculous appearance."
We have already said that the feather cloak was in use on the shores
of the Pacific, among the Peruvians; it is curious to ascertain that
it was worn equally by the Brazilians. Some specimens of this
singular garment may be seen at the exhibition of the Ethnographical
Museum. This was not however the only ornament of these savages;
they suspended little stone cylinders from three holes pierced in
the lower lip, a custom which is common among many of the Oceanic
people, and which may be compared with our fashion of ear-rings.
These people were extremely credulous and of good disposition and
thus, as Pigafetta says, they could easily have been converted to
Christianity, for they assisted in silence, and with gravity, at the
mass which was said on shore, a remark that Alvarez Cabral had
already made.
[Illustration: The Coast of Brazil.]
After remaining thirteen days in this place, the squadron continued
its route to the south, coasting along the shore, and arrived at 34
degrees 40 minutes of south latitude in a country where flowed a
large river of fresh water. It was the La Plata. The natives, called
Charruas, were so frightened at the sight of the vessels that they
hastily took refuge in the interior of the country, carrying with
them all their valuables, and it was impossible to overtake any of
them. It was in this country that four years previously, Juan Diaz
de Solis had been massacred by a tribe of Charruas, armed with that
terrible engine which is still in use at the present day among the
-gauchos- of the Argentine Republic, the -bolas-, which are metal
balls fastened to the two ends of a long leather thong, called a
-lasso-.
A little below the estuary of the La Plata, once thought to be an
arm of the sea opening into the Pacific, the flotilla anchored at
Port Desire. Here they obtained an ample supply of penguins for the
crews of the five vessels--a bird which did not make a very
delicious meal. Then they anchored in 49 degrees 30 minutes in a
beautiful harbour, where Magellan resolved to winter, and which
received the name of St. Julian's Bay. The Spaniards had been two
months there, when one day they perceived a man who seemed to them
to be of gigantic stature. At sight of them he began dancing and
singing and throwing dust upon his head. This was a Patagonian, who
allowed himself without resistance to be taken on board the vessels.
He showed the greatest surprise at all he saw around him, but
nothing astonished him so much as a large steel mirror which was
presented to him. "The giant, who had not the least idea of the use
of this piece of furniture, and who, no doubt, now saw his own face
for the first time, drew back in such terror, that he threw to the
ground four of our people who were behind him." He was taken back on
shore loaded with presents, and the kind welcome which he had
received induced eighteen of his companions, thirteen women and five
men, to come on board. They were tall, and had broad faces, painted
red except the eyes, which were encircled with yellow; their hair
was whitened with lime, they were wrapped in enormous fur cloaks,
and wore those large leather boots from which was given to them the
name of Large-feet or Patagonians. Their stature was not, however,
so gigantic as it appeared to our simple narrator, for it varies
from 5ft. 10in. to 5ft. 8in., being somewhat above the middle height
among Europeans. For arms they had a short massive bow, and arrows
made of reed, of which the point was formed of a sharp pebble.
The captain, to retain two of these savages whom he wished to take
to Europe, used a stratagem, which we should characterize as hateful
in the present day, but which had nothing revolting about it for the
sixteenth century, when Indians and negroes were universally
considered to be a kind of brute beasts. Magellan loaded these
Indians with presents, and when he saw them embarrassed with the
quantity, he offered to each of them one of those iron rings used
for chaining captives. They would have desired to carry them away,
for they valued iron above everything, but their hands were full. It
was then proposed to fasten the rings to their legs, to which they
agreed without suspicion. The sailors then closed the rings, so that
the savages found themselves in fetters. Nothing can give an idea of
their fury when they discovered this stratagem, worthy rather of
savages than of civilized men. The capture of others was attempted,
but in vain, and in the chase one of the Spaniards was wounded by a
poisoned arrow, which caused his death almost instantaneously.
Intrepid hunters, these people wander about perpetually in pursuit
of guanaquis and other game; they are endowed with such wonderful
voracity "that what would suffice for the nourishment of twenty
sailors, can scarcely satisfy seven or eight of them." Magellan,
foreseeing that the stay here was likely to be prolonged, and
perceiving that the country only presented meagre resources, gave
orders to economize the provisions, and to put the men on fixed
rations, that they might not experience too great privations before
the spring, when they might reach a country where there was more
game. But the Spaniards, discontented at the sterility of the place,
and at the length and rigour of the winter, began to murmur. This
land seemed to stretch southwards as far as the Antarctic pole, they
said; there did not seem to be any strait; already several had died
from the privations they had endured; lastly it was time to return
to Spain, if the commander did not wish to see all his men perish in
this place.
Magellan, fully resolved to die, or else to bring the enterprise he
commanded to a successful issue, replied that the Emperor had
assigned him the course which the voyage was to take, and he neither
could nor would depart from it under any pretext, and that in
consequence, he should go straight forward to the end of this land,
or until he met with some strait. As to provisions, if they found
them insufficient, his men might add to their rations the produce of
their fishing or hunting. Magellan thought that so firm a
declaration would impose silence on the malcontents, and that he
would hear no more of privations, from which he suffered equally
with his crews. He deceived himself completely. Certain of the
captains, and Juan de Carthagena in particular, were interested in
causing a revolt to break out. These rebels therefore began by
reminding the Spaniards of their old animosity against the
Portuguese. The captain-general being one of the latter nation, had
never, according to them, tendered a whole-hearted allegiance to the
Spanish flag. In order to be able to return to his own country and
to gain pardon for what he had done wrong, he wished to commit some
heinous crime, and nothing could be more advantageous to Portugal
than the destruction of this fine fleet. Instead of leading them to
the Archipelago of the Moluccas, of the riches of which he had
boasted to them, he wished to take them into frozen regions, the
dwelling-place of eternal snow, where he could easily manage that
they should all perish; then with the help of the Portuguese on
board the squadron, he would take back to his own country the
vessels which he had seized.
Such were the reports and accusations that the partisans of Juan de
Carthagena, Luis de Mendoza, and Gaspar de Quesada had disseminated
among the sailors, when on Palm Sunday, the 1st of April, 1520,
Magellan summoned the captains, officers, and pilots, to hear mass
on board his vessel and to dine with him afterwards. Alvaro de la
Mesquita, a cousin of the captain-general, accepted this invitation
with Antonio de Coca and his officers, but neither Mendoza nor
Quesada, nor Juan de Carthagena, who was Quesada's prisoner,
appeared. The next night the malcontents boarded the -Sant'-Antonio-
with thirty of the men of the -Concepcion-, and desired to have La
Mesquita given up to them. The pilot, Juan de Eliorraga, while
defending his captain, received four stabs from a poniard in the arm.
Quesada cried out at the same time, "You will see that this fool
will make our business fail." The three vessels, the -Concepcion-,
-Sant'-Antonio-, and -Santiago-, fell without difficulty into the
hands of the rebels, who reckoned more than one accomplice among the
crews. In spite of this success, the three captains did not dare
openly to attack the commander-in-chief, and sent to him some
proposals for a reconciliation. Magellan ordered them to come on
board the -Trinidad- to confer with him; but this they stoutly
refused to do, whereupon Magellan, having no further need of caution,
had the boat seized which had brought him this answer, and choosing
six strong and brave men from amongst his crew, he sent them on
board the -Victoria- under the command of the -alguazil- Espinosa.
He carried a letter from Magellan to Mendoza enjoining him to come
on board the -Trinidad-, and when Mendoza smiled in a scornful
manner, Espinosa stabbed him in the throat with a poniard, while a
sailor struck him on the head with a cutlass. While these events
were taking place, another boat, laden with fifteen armed men, came
alongside the -Victoria-, and took possession of her without any
resistance from the sailors, surprised by the rapidity of the action.
On the next day, the 3rd of April, the two other rebel vessels were
taken, not however without bloodshed. Mendoza's body was divided
into quarters, while a clerk read in a loud voice the sentence that
blasted his memory. Three days afterwards, Quesada was beheaded and
cut in pieces by his own servant, who undertook this sad task to
save his own life. As to Carthagena, the high rank which the royal
edict had conferred upon him in the expedition saved him from death,
but with Gomez de la Reina, the chaplain, he was left behind on the
shore, where some months afterwards he was found by Estevam Gomez.
Forty sailors convicted of rebellion were pardoned because their
services were considered indispensable. After this severe lesson
Magellan might well hope that the mutinous spirit was really subdued.
When the temperature became milder the anchors were weighed; the
squadron put to sea on the 24th of August, following the coast, and
carefully exploring all the gulfs to find that strait which had been
so persistently sought. At the level of Cape St. Croix, one of the
vessels, the -Santiago-, was lost on the rocks during a violent gale
from the east. Happily both the men and merchandise on board were
saved, and they succeeded also in taking from the wrecked vessel the
rigging and appurtenances of the ship, which they divided among the
four remaining vessels.
At last on the 21st of October, according to Pigafetta, the 27th of
November according to Maximilian Transylvain, the flotilla
penetrated by a narrow entrance into a gulf, at the bottom of which
a strait opened, which as they soon saw passed into the sea to the
south. First they called this the Strait of the -Eleven Thousand
Virgins-, because this was the day dedicated to them. On each side
of the strait rose high land covered with snow, on which they saw
numerous fires, especially to the left, but they were unable to
obtain any communication with the natives. The details which
Pigafetta and Martin Transylvain have given with regard to the
topographical and hydrographical dispositions of this strait are
rather vague, and as we shall have to mention it again when we speak
of De Bougainville's expedition, we shall not dilate upon it now.
After sailing for twenty-two days across this succession of narrow
inlets and arms of the sea, in some places three miles wide, in some
twelve, which extends for a distance of 440 miles and has received
the name of Magellan's Strait, the flotilla emerged upon a sea of
immense extent and great depth.
The rejoicings were general when at last the sailors found
themselves at the long-wished-for end of their efforts. Henceforward
the route was open and Magellan's clever conjectures were realized.
Nothing is more extraordinary than the navigation of Magellan upon
this ocean, which he called Pacific, because for four months no
storm assailed him upon it. The privations endured by the crews
during this long space of time were excessive. The biscuit was
nothing more than dust mixed with worms, while the water had become
bad and gave out an unbearable smell. The sailors were obliged to
eat mice and sawdust to prevent themselves from dying of hunger, and
to gnaw all the leather that it was possible to find. As it was easy
to foresee under these circumstances, the crews were decimated by
scurvy. Nineteen men died, and thirty were seized with violent pains
in their arms and legs, which caused prolonged sufferings. At last,
after having sailed over more than 12,000 miles without meeting with
a single island, in a sea where so many and such populous
archipelagos were destined to be discovered, the fleet came upon two
desert and sterile islands, called for that reason the Unfortunate
Islands, but of which the position is indicated in much too
contradictory a manner, for it to be possible to recognize them.
In 12 degrees north latitude and 146 degrees longitude, on Wednesday
the 6th of March, the navigators discovered successively three
islands, at which they greatly desired to stop to recruit, and take
in fresh provisions; but the islanders who came on board stole so
many things, without the possibility of preventing them, that the
sailors were obliged to give up the idea of remaining there. The
natives contrived even to carry off a long boat. Magellan, indignant
at such daring, made a descent with forty armed men, burned some
houses and boats, and killed seven men. These islanders had neither
chief, king, nor religion. Their heads were covered with palm-leaf
hats, they wore beards, and their hair descended to their waists.
Generally of an olive tint, they thought they embellished themselves
by colouring their teeth black and red, while their bodies were
anointed with cocoa-nut oil, no doubt in order to protect themselves
from the heat of the sun. Their canoes of curious construction,
carried a very large matting sail, which might have easily capsized
the boat if the precaution had not been taken of giving a more
stable trim by means of a long piece of wood kept at a certain
distance by two poles; this is what is called the "balance." These
islanders were very industrious, but had a singular aptitude for
stealing, which has gained for their country the name of the
-Islands of Thieves- (Ladrone Islands).
[Illustration: The Ladrone Islands. -From an old print-.]
On the 16th of March was seen, at about 900 miles from the Ladrones,
some high ground; this was soon discovered to be an island which now
goes by the name of Samar Island. There Magellan, resolving to give
his exhausted crews some rest, caused two tents to be pitched on
land for the use of the sick. The natives quickly brought bananas,
palm wine, cocoa-nuts, and fish; for which mirrors, combs, bells,
and other similar trifles were offered in exchange. The cocoa-nut, a
tree which is valuable beyond all others, supplied these natives
with their bread, wine, oil, and vinegar, and besides they obtained
from it their clothing and the necessary wood for building and
roofing in their huts.
The natives soon became familiar with the Spaniards, and told them
that their archipelago produced cloves, cinnamon, pepper, nutmegs,
ginger, maize or Indian-corn, and that even gold was found there.
Magellan gave this archipelago the name of the St. Lazarus Islands,
afterwards changed to that of the Philippines from the name of
Philip of Austria, son of Charles V.
This archipelago is formed of a great number of islands which extend
in Malaysia, between 5 degrees 32 minutes and 19 degrees 38 minutes
north latitude, and 114 degrees 56 minutes and 123 degrees 43
minutes longitude east of the meridian of Paris. The most important
are Luzon, Mindoro, Leyte, the Ceylon of Pigafetta, Samar, Panay,
Negros, Zebu, Bohol, Palawan, and Mindanao.
When they were a little restored, the Spaniards put to sea again, in
order to explore the archipelago. They saw in succession the islands
of Cenalo, Huinaugan, Ibusson, and Abarien, as well as another
island called Massava, of which the king Colambu could make himself
understood by a slave a native of Sumatra, whom Magellan had taken
to Europe from India, and who by his knowledge of Malay rendered
signal service in several instances. The king came on board with six
or eight of his principal subjects. He brought with him presents for
the captain-general, and in exchange he received a vest of red and
yellow cloth, made in Turkish fashion, and a cap of fine scarlet,
while mirrors and knives were given to the members of his suite. The
Spaniards showed him all their fire-arms and fired some shots from
the cannon in his presence, at which he was much terrified. "Then
Magellan caused one of our number to be fully armed," says Pigafetta,
"and ordered three men to give him blows with the sword and stiletto,
to show the king that nothing could wound a man armed in this manner,
which surprised him greatly, and turning to the interpreter he said
to the captain through him, 'that a man thus armed, could fight
against a hundred.' 'Yes,' replied the interpreter, in the name of
the commandant, 'and each of the three vessels carries 200 men armed
in this manner.'" The king, astonished by all that he had seen, took
leave of the captain, begging him to send two of his men with him,
to let them see something of the island. Pigafetta was chosen, and
was much satisfied with the welcome that he received. The king told
him "that in this island they found pieces of gold as large as nuts,
and even eggs, mixed with the earth which they passed through a
sieve to find them; all his vessels and even some of the ornaments
of his house were of this metal. He was very neatly dressed,
according to the custom of the country, and was the finest man that
I have seen among these people. His black hair fell upon his
shoulders; a silk veil covered his head, and he wore two rings in
his ears. From his waist to his knees, he was covered with a cotten
cloth embroidered in silk. On each of his teeth there were three
spots of gold, arranged in such a manner that one would have said
all his teeth were fastened together with this metal. He was
perfumed with storax and benzoin. His skin was painted, but its
natural tint was olive."
On Easter Day, the Europeans went on shore to celebrate mass in a
kind of little church which they had constructed on the sea-shore
with sails and branches of trees. An altar had been set up, and
during the whole time that the religious ceremony lasted, the king
with a large concourse of people, listened in silence and imitated
all the motions of the Spaniards. Then a cross having been planted
on a hill with great solemnity, they weighed anchor and made for the
port of Zebu, as being the best for revictualling the vessels and
trading. They arrived there on Sunday, the 7th of April. Magellan
sent one of his officers on shore at once with the interpreter, as
ambassador to the king of Zebu. The envoy explained that the chief
of the squadron was under the orders of the greatest king in the
world. The object of the voyage, he added, was the wish to pay him a
visit, and at the same time to take in some fresh provisions in
exchange for merchandise, and then to go to the Molucca Islands.
Such were the motives which caused them to tarry in a country where
they came as friends.
"They are welcome," replied the king; "but if they intend to trade
they should pay a duty to which all vessels are subject that enter
my port, as did, not four days since, a junk from Siam, which came
to seek for slaves and gold, to which a Moorish merchant who has
remained in this country can testify."
The Spaniard replied that his master was too great a king to submit
to such an unreasonable demand. They had come with pacific
intentions; but if war were declared, it would be seen with whom
they had to deal.
The king of Zebu, warned by the Moorish merchant, of the power of
those who stood before him, and whom he took for Portuguese, at
length consented to forego his claims. Moreover the king of Massava,
who had continued to serve as pilot to the Spaniards, so altered the
inclinations of his brother sovereign, that the Spaniards obtained
the exclusive privilege of trading in the island, and a loyal
friendship was sealed between the king of Zebu and Magellan by an
exchange of blood which each drew from his right arm.
From this moment, provisions were brought and cordial relations
established. The nephew of the king came with a numerous suite to
visit Magellan on board his ship, and the latter took this
opportunity to relate to his visitors the wonderful history of the
creation of the world, and of the redemption of the human race, and
to invite him and his people to become converts to Christianity.
They showed no repugnance to being baptized, and on the 14th of
April the kings of Zebu and Massava, and the Moorish merchant, with
500 men and as many women received baptism. But what was only a
fashion at first, for it cannot be said that the natives knew the
religion which they embraced or were persuaded of its truth, became
a real frenzy, after a wonderful cure had been effected by Magellan.
Having learnt that the father of the king had been ill for two years
and was on the point of death, the captain-general promised, that if
he consented to be baptized and the natives would burn their idols,
he would find himself cured. "He added that he was so convinced of
what he said," relates Pigafetta--for it is as well to quote the
author verbatim in such a matter--"that he agreed to lose his head
if what he promised did not happen immediately. We then made a
procession, with all possible pomp, from the place where we were to
the sick man's house, whom we found really in a very sad state in
that he could neither speak nor move. We baptized him with two of
his wives and ten daughters. The captain asked him directly after
his baptism how he found himself, and he suddenly replied that
thanks to our Lord he was well. We were all witnesses of this
miracle. The captain above all rendered thanks to God for it. He
gave the prince a refreshing drink, and continued to send him some
of it every day till he was quite restored. On the fifth day the
invalid found himself quite cured and got up. His first care was to
have burned, in the presence of the king and all the people, an idol
for which he had great veneration, and which some old women guarded
carefully in his house. He also caused some temples which stood on
the sea-shore, and in which the people assembled to eat the meat
consecrated to their old divinities, to be thrown down. All the
inhabitants applauded these acts, and proposed themselves to go and
destroy all the idols, even those which were in use in the king's
house, crying at the same time '-Vive la Castille!-' in honour of
the king of Spain."
Near to the Island of Zebu is another island called Matan which had
two chiefs, one of whom had recognized the authority of Spain, while
the other having energetically resisted it, Magellan resolved to
impose it upon him by force. On Friday, the 26th of April, three
long boats left for the Island of Matan containing sixty men wearing
cuirasses and helmets, and armed with muskets; and thirty
-balangais- bearing the king of Zebu, his son-in-law, and a number
of warriors.
The Spaniards waited for day and then to the number of forty-nine
leapt into the water, for the boats could not approach the land on
account of the rocks and shallow water. More than 1500 natives
awaited them, and at once threw themselves upon them, and attacked
them in three troops, both in front and flank. The musketeers and
the crossbow-men fired on the multitude of warriors from a distance,
without doing them much harm, they being protected by their bucklers.
The Spaniards, assailed by stones, arrows, javelins, and lances, and
overwhelmed by numbers, set fire to some huts to disperse and
intimidate the natives. But these, made more furious by the sight of
the fire, redoubled their efforts, and pressed the Spaniards on all
sides, who had the greatest difficulty in resisting them, when a sad
event took place which compromised the issue of the combat. The
natives were not slow in remarking that all the blows which they
directed towards those parts of their enemies' bodies which were
protected by armour, caused no wounds; they set themselves therefore
to hurl their arrows and javelins against the lower part of the body,
which was undefended. Magellan, wounded in the leg by a poisoned
arrow, gave the order for retreat, which, begun in good order, soon
changed into such a flight, that seven or eight Spaniards alone
remained at his side. With much difficulty they kept moving
backwards, fighting as they went, in order to reach the boats. They
were already knee-deep in the water when several islanders rushed
all together upon Magellan, who, wounded in the arm, was unable to
draw his sword; they gave him such a sabre-cut upon his leg that he
immediately fell down in the water, where he was speedily despatched.
His remaining companions, and among them Pigafetta, every one of
whom had been hit, hastily regained the boats. Thus perished the
illustrious Magellan on the 27th of April, 1521. "He was adorned
with every virtue," says Pigafetta, "and ever exhibited an unshaken
constancy in the midst of the greatest adversity. At sea he always
condemned himself to greater privations than the rest of his crew.
Better versed than any one else in the knowledge of nautical charts,
he was perfect in the art of navigation, as he proved by making the
tour of the world, which none before him had ventured to do."
Pigafetta's funeral eulogy, though a little hyperbolical, is not
untrue in the main. Magellan had need of singular constancy and
perseverance to penetrate, despite the fears of his companions, into
regions peopled by the superstitious spirit of the time with
fantastic dangers. Peculiar nautical science was also necessary to
achieve the discovery at the extremity of that long coast of the
strait which so justly bears his name. He was obliged to give
unceasing attention to avoid all untoward accidents while exploring
those unknown parts without any exact instruments. That one of the
vessels was lost must be imputed to pride and a spirit of revolt in
her own captain, more than to any incapacity or want of caution in
the captain-general. Let us add with our enthusiastic narrator, "The
glory of Magellan will survive his death."
[Illustration: Death of Magellan.]
Duarte Barbosa, Magellan's brother-in-law, and Juan Serrano were
elected commanders by the Spaniards, who were destined to meet with
further catastrophes. The slave who had acted as interpreter up to
this time had been slightly wounded during the battle. From the time
of his master's death he had kept aloof, not rendering any further
service to the Spaniards, and remaining extended upon his mat. After
some rather sharp reproofs from Barbosa, who told him that his
master's death did not make him a free man, he disappeared all at
once. He was gone to the newly-baptized king, to whom he declared
that if he could allure the Spaniards into some trap and then kill
them, he would make himself master of all their provisions and
merchandise. Serrano, Barbosa, and twenty-seven Spaniards were
accordingly invited to a solemn assembly to receive the presents
destined by the king of Zebu for the Emperor; during the banquet
they were attacked unexpectedly, and were all massacred except
Serrano, who was led bound to the sea-shore, where he besought his
companions to ransom him, for if they did not he would be murdered.
But Juan de Carvalho and the others, fearing that the insurrection
would become general, and that they might be attacked during the
negotiations by a numerous fleet which they would not be able to
resist, turned a deaf ear to the unfortunate Serrano's supplications.
The ships set sail and reached the Island of Bohol, which was not
far distant.
When there, thinking that their numbers were too much reduced to
navigate three vessels, they burnt the -Concepcion-, after having
transshipped all that was most precious on board the other vessels.
Then, after having coasted along the Island of Panilongon they
stopped at Butuan, which forms part of Mindanao, a magnificent
island, with numerous ports, and rivers abounding in fish, to the
north-west of which lies the Island of Luzon, the most considerable
of the Archipelago. The ships touched also at Paloan, where they
found pigs, goats, fowls, different kinds of bananas, cocoa-nuts,
sugar-canes, and rice, with which they provisioned the ships. This
was for them, as Pigafetta expresses it, "a promised land." Among
the things which he thought worthy of notice, the Italian traveller
mentions the cocks kept by the natives for fighting; a passion which
after so many years is still deeply-rooted amongst the population of
the whole Philippine Archipelago. From Paloan, the Spaniards next
went to the Island of Borneo, the centre of Malay civilization. From
that time they had no longer to deal with poverty-stricken people,
but with a rich population, who received them with magnificence.
Their reception by the rajah is sufficiently curious to warrant a
few words being devoted to it. At the landing-place they found two
elephants with silk trappings, who bore the strangers to the house
of the governor of the town, while twelve men carried the presents
which were to be offered to the rajah. From the governor's house
where they slept, to the palace of the king, the streets were kept
by armed men. Upon descending from their elephants the Spaniards
were admitted to a room filled with courtiers. At the end of this
room opened another smaller room, hung with cloth of gold, in which
were 300 men of the king's guard armed with poniards. Through a door
they could then see the rajah, sitting by a table with a little
child, chewing betel-nut. Behind him there were only some women.
Etiquette required that the petition to be made must pass in
succession through the mouths of three nobles, each of higher rank
than the last, before being transmitted, by means of a hollow cane
placed in a hole in the wall, to one of the principal officers, who
submitted it to the king. Then there was an exchange of presents,
after which the Spanish Ambassadors were conducted back to their
vessels with the same ceremony as on their arrival. The capital is
built on piles in the sea; so that when the tide rises, the women
who sell provisions go about the town in boats. On the 29th of July
more than 100 canoes surrounded the two vessels, whilst at the same
time some junks weighed anchor to approach them more nearly. The
Spaniards, fearing to be treacherously attacked, took the initiative
and fired off their artillery, which killed a number of people in
the canoes, upon which the king excused himself, saying that his
fleet had not been directed against them, but against the Gentiles
with whom the Mussulmen had daily combats. This island produces
arrack (the alcohol of rice), camphor, cinnamon, ginger, oranges,
citrons, sugar-canes, melons, radishes, onions, &c. The articles of
exchange are copper, quicksilver, cinnabar, glass, woollen cloths,
and canvas, and above all iron and spectacles, without mentioning
porcelain, and diamonds, some of which were of extraordinary size
and value. The -fauna- comprises elephants, horses, buffaloes, pigs,
goats, and domestic poultry. The money in use is of bronze, it is
called -sapèque- and consists of small coins which are perforated
with holes, that they may be strung together.
On leaving Borneo the travellers sought for a suitable spot in which
to repair their vessels, which were in such great need of it that
the men were not less than forty-two days over the work. "The oddest
things which I have found in this island," says Pigafetta, "are the
trees of which all the leaves are animated. These leaves resemble
those of the mulberry, but are not so long; the stalk is short and
pointed, and near the stalk on both sides there are two feet. If you
touch the leaves, they escape; but when crushed no blood comes from
them. I have kept one of them in a box for nine days; when I opened
the box, the leaf was walking about in it; I believe they must live
upon air." These very curious animals are well known at the present
day, and are commonly called leaf-flies (-mouches-feuille-); they
are of a grey-brown, which makes them more easily mistaken for dead
leaves, which they exactly resemble in appearance.
It was while in these parts that the Spanish expedition, which,
during Magellan's life had preserved its scientific character, began
perceptibly to become piratical. Thus, on several occasions, junks
were seized upon, and their crews forced by their Spanish captors to
pay large ransoms.
The ships next passed by the Archipelago of the Sooloo Islands, the
haunt of Malay pirates, who have even now only lately submitted to
the Spanish arms; then by Mindanao, which had been already visited,
for it was known that the eagerly sought-for Moluccas must be in its
neighbourhood, whether more or less remote. At last, after having
seen a number of islands, of which the names would not convey much
idea to us, on Wednesday, the 6th of November the Spaniards
discovered the Archipelago, about which the Portuguese had related
such terrifying fables, and two days later they landed at Tidor.
Thus the object of the voyage was attained.
The king came to meet the Spaniards, and invited them to go on board
his canoe. "He was seated under a silk parasol which covered him
entirely. In front of him were placed one of his sons who carried
the royal sceptre, two men who had each a golden vase full of water
for washing the king's hands, and two others holding small gilt
boxes filled with betel." Then the Spaniards made the king come on
board the vessels, where they showed him much respect, at the same
time loading him and those who accompanied him with presents, which
seemed to them very precious. "This king is a Moor, that is to say,
an Arab," Pigafetta affirms; "he is nearly forty-five years of age,
tolerably well made, and with a fine physiognomy. His clothing
consisted of a very fine shirt, the cuffs of which were embroidered
in gold; drapery descended from his waist to his feet; a silk veil
(no doubt a turban) covered his head, and upon this veil there was a
garland of flowers. His name is Rajah-sultan Manzor."
The next day, in a long interview which he had with the Spaniards,
Manzor declared his intention of placing himself with the Islands of
Ternate and Tidor under the protection of the king of Spain.
[Illustration: The Sultan Manzor.]
This is the place to give some details about the Archipelago of the
Moluccas, drawn from Pigafetta's narrative, which we are following
step by step in the version that M. Ed. Charton has given, and to
which he has added such valuable notes.
This Archipelago properly speaking, comprises the Islands of Gilolo,
Ternate, Tidor, Mornay, Batchian, and Misal; but the Banda and
Amboyna groups are also often comprehended under the general name of
Molucca. Formerly convulsed by repeated volcanic commotions, this
Archipelago contains a great number of craters almost all extinct,
or in repose during a long succession of years. The air there is
burning, and would be almost unfit to breathe, if frequent rains did
not fall and refresh the atmosphere. The natural productions are
extremely valuable. In the first rank must be placed the sago-tree,
of which the pith called sago takes, with yams, the place of cereals
throughout Malacca. As soon as the tree is cut down, the pith is
extracted, which is then grated, passed through a sieve, and
afterwards cut up in the form of small rolls, which are dried in the
shade. There are also the mulberry, the clove, the nutmeg, the
camphor, and pepper-trees; in fact all the spice-trees and all the
tropical fruits. The forests contain some valuable kinds of wood,
ebony, iron-wood, teak, famous for its strength and employed from
the most ancient times in costly buildings, and the Calilaban laurel,
which yields an aromatic essential oil that is highly prized. At
this period domestic animals were not numerous in the Moluccas, but
among the wild animals the most curious were the -babiroussa-, an
enormous wild boar with long tusks bent backwards; the opossum, a
kind of didelphis a little larger than our squirrel; the phalanger,
a marsupial which lives in thick, dark forests, where it feeds upon
leaves and fruit; and the tarsier, a kind of jerboa, a very harmless,
inoffensive little animal with reddish-coloured hair, about the size
of a rat, but whose body bears some resemblance to that of an ape.
Among the birds, the most remarkable were the parroquets and
cockatoos, the birds of Paradise of which so many fabulous accounts
were given, and which until then had been believed to be without
legs, the king-fishers, and the cassowaries, great wading-birds
almost as large as ostriches.
A Portuguese named Lorosa had been long settled in the Moluccas, and
to him the Spaniards forwarded a letter, in the hope that he would
betray his country and attach himself to Spain. They obtained the
most curious information from him with regard to the expeditions
which the king of Portugal had despatched to the Cape of Good Hope,
to the Rio de la Plata and to the Moluccas; but from various
circumstances these latter expeditions had not been able to take
place. He himself had been sixteen years in this Archipelago; the
Portuguese had been installed there for ten years, but upon this
fact they preserved the most complete silence. When Lorosa saw the
Spaniards making their preparations for departure, he came on board
with his wife and his goods to return to Europe. On the 12th of
November all the merchandise destined for barter was landed, it
being chiefly derived from the four junks which had been seized in
Borneo. Certainly the Spaniards traded to great advantage, but
nevertheless not to so great an extent as they might have done, for
they were in haste to return to Spain. Some vessels from Gilolo and
Batchian came also to trade with them, and a few days later they
received a considerable stock of cloves from the king of Tidor. This
king invited them to a great banquet which he said it was his custom
to give when a vessel or junk was loaded with the first cloves. But
the Spaniards, remembering what had happened to them in the
Philippines, refused the invitation while presenting compliments and
excuses to the king. When their cargo was completed, they set sail.
Scarcely had the -Trinidad- put to sea before it was perceived that
she had a serious leak, and the return to Tidor as fast as possible
was unavoidable. The skilful divers whom the king placed at the
disposal of the Spaniards, were unable to discover the hole, and it
became necessary to partly unload the ship to make the necessary
repairs. The sailors who were on board the -Victoria- would not wait
for their companions, and the ship's officers seeing clearly that
the -Trinidad- would not be fit for the voyage to Spain, decided
that she should go to Darien, where her valuable cargo would be
discharged and transported across the Isthmus to the Atlantic, where
a vessel would be sent to fetch it. But neither the unfortunate
vessel nor her crew was destined ever to return to Spain.
The -Trinidad-, commanded by the alguazil Gonzalo Gomez de Espinosa,
who had Juan de Carvalho as pilot, was in so bad a state that after
leaving Tidor, she was obliged to anchor at Ternate, in the port of
Talangomi, where her crew consisting of seventeen men was
immediately imprisoned by the Portuguese. The only reply given to
Espinosa's remonstrances was a threat to hang him to the yard of a
vessel; and the unfortunate alguazil, after having been transferred
to Cochin, was sent to Lisbon, where for seven months he remained
shut up in the prison of the Limoeiro with two Spaniards, the sole
survivors of the crew of the -Trinidad-.
As to the -Victoria-, she left Tidor richly laden under the command
of Juan Sebastian del Cano, who, after having been simply a pilot on
board one of Magellan's ships, had taken the command of the
-Concepcion- on the 27th of April, 1521, and who succeeded to Juan
Lopez de Carvalho, when the latter was superseded in his command for
incapacity. The crew of the -Victoria- was composed of only
fifty-three Europeans and thirteen Indians. Fifty-four Europeans
remained at Tidor on board the -Trinidad-.
After passing amidst the islands of Caioan, Laigoma, Sico, Giofi,
Cafi, Laboan, Toliman, Batchian, Mata, and Batu, the -Victoria- left
this latter island to the west, and steering west-south-west,
stopped during the night at the island of Xulla or Zulla. At thirty
miles from thence the Spaniards anchored at Booro, (the Boero of
Bougainville), where the ship was revictualled. They stopped 105
miles further on, at Banda, where mace and nutmegs are found, then
at Solor, where a great trade in white sandal-wood is carried on.
They spent a fortnight there to repair their ship, which had
suffered much, and there they laid in an ample provision of wax and
pepper; then they anchored at Timor, where they could only obtain
provisions by retaining by stratagem the chief of the village and
his son, who had come on board the ship. This island was frequented
by junks from Luzon, and by the "praos," from Malacca and Java,
which traded largely there in sandal-wood and pepper. A little
further on the Spaniards touched at Java, where, as it appears,
-suttee- was practised at this time, as it has been in India until
quite recently.
Among the stories which Pigafetta relates, without entirely
believing them, is one which is most curious. It concerns a gigantic
bird the Epyornis, of which the bones and the enormous eggs were
discovered in Madagascar about the year 1850. It is an instance
proving the caution needed before rejecting as fictitious many
apparently fabulous legends, but which on examination may prove to
possess a substratum of truth. "To the north of Greater Java," says
Pigafetta, "in the gulf of China, there is a very large tree called
-campanganghi- inhabited by certain birds called -garula-, which are
so large and strong that they can bear away a buffalo and even an
elephant, and carry it as they fly to the place where the tree
-puzathaer- is." This legend has been current ever since the ninth
century, among the Persians and Arabs, and this bird plays a
wonderful part in Arabian tales under the name of the -roc-. It is
not surprising, therefore, that Pigafetta found an analogous
tradition among the Malays.
After leaving greater Java, the -Victoria- rounded the peninsula of
Malacca, which had been subjugated to Portugal by the great
Albuquerque ten years before. In the immediate neighbourhood are
Siam and Cambodia, and Tchiampa, where rhubarb grows. This substance
is discovered in the following manner. "A company of from twenty to
five-and-twenty men go into the wood, where they pass the night in
the trees, to protect themselves from lions (note here, that there
are no lions in this country), and other ferocious beasts, and also
that they may better perceive the odour of the rhubarb, which the
wind wafts towards them. In the morning they go towards the place
whence came the odour, and search there for the rhubarb until they
find it. Rhubarb is the putrefied wood of a great tree, and acquires
its odour even from its putrefaction, the best part of the tree is
the root, nevertheless the trunk, which they call -calama-, has the
same medicinal virtue."
Decidedly it is not from Pigafetta that we should seek to acquire
botanical knowledge; we should run a great risk of deceiving
ourselves if we took in earnest the nonsense that the Moor told him
from whom he drew his information. The Lombard traveller gives us
also fantastic details about China with the greatest seriousness,
and falls into the grave errors, which his contemporary Duarte
Barbosa had avoided. It is to the latter we owe the information that
the trade in -anfiam- or opium has existed from this period. When
once the -Victoria- had left the shores of Malacca, Sebastian del
Cano took great care to avoid the coast of Zanguebar, where the
Portuguese had been established since the beginning of the century.
He kept to the open sea as far as 42 degrees south latitude, and for
nine weeks he was obliged to keep the sails furled, on account of
the constant west and north-west winds, which ended in a fearful
storm. To keep to this course required great perseverance on the
part of the captain, with a settled desire on his part to carry his
enterprise to a successful issue. The vessel had several leaks, and
a number of the sailors demanded an anchorage at Mozambique, for the
provisions which were not salted having become bad, the crew had
only rice and water for food and drink. At last on the 6th of May,
the Cape of Tempests was doubled and a favourable issue to the
voyage might be hoped for. Nevertheless, many vexatious accidents
still awaited the navigator. In two months, twenty-one men,
Europeans and Indians, died from privations, and if on the 9th July
they had not landed at Santiago, one of the Cape de Verd Islands,
the whole crew would have died of hunger. As this archipelago
belonged to Portugal, the sailors took care to say that they came
from America, and carefully concealed the route which they had
discovered. But one of the sailors having had the imprudence to say
that the -Victoria- was the only vessel of Magellan's squadron which
had returned to Europe, the Portuguese immediately seized the crew
of a long-boat, and prepared to attack the Spanish vessel. However,
Del Cano on board his vessel was watching all the movements of the
Portuguese, and suspecting, by the preparations which he saw, that
there was an intention of seizing the -Victoria-, he set sail,
leaving thirteen men of his crew in the hands of the Portuguese.
Maximilian Transylvain assigns a different motive from the one given
by Pigafetta, for the anchorage at the Cape de Verd Islands. He
asserts that the fatigued state of the crew, who were reduced by
privations, and who in spite of everything had not ceased to work
the pumps, had decided the captain to stop and buy some slaves to
aid them in this work. Having no money the Spaniards would have paid
with some of their spices, which would have opened the eyes of the
Portuguese.
"To see if our journals were correctly kept," says Pigafetta, "we
inquired on shore what day of the week it was. They replied that it
was Thursday, which surprised us, because according to our journals
it was as yet only Wednesday. We could not be persuaded that we had
made the mistake of a day; I was more astonished myself than the
others were, because having always been sufficiently well to keep my
journal, I had uninterruptedly marked the days of the week, and the
course of the months. We learnt afterwards, that there was no error
in our calculation, for having always travelled towards the west,
following the course of the sun, and having returned to the same
point, we must have gained twenty-four hours upon those who had
remained stationary; one has only need of reflection to be convinced
of this fact."
Sebastian del Cano rapidly made the coast of Africa, and on the 6th
of September entered the Bay of San Lucar de Barrameda, with a crew
of seventeen men, almost all of whom were ill. Two days later he
anchored before the mole at Seville, after having accomplished a
complete circuit of the world.
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